<p>Pilot Life Insurance Company Home Office in Sedgefield, North Carolina outside Greensboro is a historic campus which once served as the headquarters of Pilot Life Insurance Company, founded in 1903 and merged with Jefferson Standard Insurance in 1967 to form Jefferson Pilot Corporation. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places in July 2022.</p><br>
<p>The first of the buildings began construction in 1927, and the last contributing building was built in 1965. A history of Jefferson-Pilot written in 2003 stated that the headquarters was "a careful replication of the governor&#39;s mansion built in 1767 in New Bern."</p><br>
<p>In 1930, Jefferson Standard Insurance Company gained a controlling interest in Pilot Life Insurance Co. In 1967, Pilot Life Insurance Co. and Jefferson Standard became Jefferson-Pilot Corporation. 800 Pilot Life employees moved into the Jefferson Standard Building and its 20-story addition in 1990. In 2008, Kisco Senior Living bought the Pilot Life buildings for $9.9 million. In January 2015, Kisco announced Pilot at Sedgefield, an updated version of a retirement community delayed by the economic crisis. As of 2022, Clachan Properties of Richmond, Virginia, was buying the property to develop apartments.</p><br>
<p>The National Register of Historic Places listing states that the Pilot Life campus is "the earliest-known, pioneering example of a modern suburban corporate headquarters campus in North Carolina" and "ith its handsome Georgian Revival-style buildings replete with allegorical stone images lauding hard work, its layout designed for efficiency, its landscaped grounds, its fountain and lake, and its facilities for employee comfort and entertainment, the complex exemplified an early modern suburban corporate campus".</p><br>
<p>Barfoot Lookout Complex is a forest lookout situated on Buena Vista Peak in the Douglas Ranger District in the Chiricahua Mountains in Cochise County, Arizona. It was built in 1935, perhaps by members of the Civilian Conservation Corps. The complex "represents one of the best examples of its type in the Southwestern Region", and consists of a 14 foot by 14 foot lookout house, shed, privy, concrete cistern, and a native stone retaining wall. When it was designated by the NHRP, none of the structures had any modifications since they had been built. The complex is approximately 80 feet by 80 feet, with the retaining wall along the west edge of the boundary.</p><br>
<p>The structure was destroyed in the Horseshoe 2 Fire in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Leaf River Bridge was constructed in 1907 and spans the Leaf River in Greene County, Mississippi. When a new bridge was constructed across the Leaf River on a county road  north of McLain, the old bridge was removed from service and access was terminated. The 1907 bridge was declared a Mississippi Landmark in 1987 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 383 ft bridge was constructed with a single Pennsylvania through truss span that measures 221 ft in length. The width is 18 ft with a 13 ft deck. Vertical clearance is 14 ft above the deck.</p><br>
<p>The Bear Spring House, Guardhouse, and Spring is a late 19th century ranch situated in the Chiricahua Mountains in Cochise County, Arizona</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Apache Pass is a pass in the Chiricahua Mountains. During the mid and late 1800s, it became a point of contention between European settlers and the Chiricahua Apache, as it was at a crossroad in the region, as well as being the site of a freshwater spring. In 1857, the Butterfield Overland Mail Stage Line established a station in the pass. In 1862, the Battle of Apache Pass took place, after which Fort Bowie was established on July 28, 1862. The spring in the pass supplied all the water for the fort initially, but by 1874, more water was needed, and nearby Bear Spring was selected. A stone reservoir was created to store water, which was pumped into water wagons and trucked to the fort. In 1874 an adobe guardhouse was constructed.</p><br>
<p>In 1884–85, a 5,000 foot pipeline was laid between the reservoir and the fort, using two-inch pump and a hydraulic ram. The two-inch line was replaced with a four-inch line in 1889. In 1894 Fort Bowie was abandoned. That year, James Dickson began construction on the farm house, on land which included the guardhouse, the reservoir, and another small defensive bunker. The house was two-story, with four dormer windows. The windows were salvaged from the home of the fort&#39;s commander, Colonel E. B. Beaumont, and many of the other building materials were also scrounged from the fort. In 1918 L. A. Knape purchased the property from Dickson, he added large tracts of the surrounding land, turning it into a cattle ranch, which was sold in 1934. Since then it has seen several different owners.</p><br>
<h2>Description of the site</h2><br>
<p>The ranch is located in the remote high-desert among the northern foothills of the Chiricahua Mountains in Cochise County in southeastern Arizona. The site consists of the ranch house, a guardhouse, a stone-lined reservoir and spring. The guardhouse, spring, reservoir, and the adobe bunker which was incorporated into the ranch house, all date from the period when Fort Bowie was in operation, while the remainder of the farmhouse was built after the fort was abandoned. Portions of the hydraulic ram system also remain.</p><br>
<h3>The house</h3><br>
<p>The original house was built in 1894, and is a plastered, two-story adobe building. As described in the National Park Services (NPS) nomination form, "The upper story consisting of a clipped gambrel roof sheathed with wood shingles. Three gable dormers project from the front roof slope, and there is a single dormer centered on the west slope. The roof is framed with sawn 2x4 rafters and longitudinally sawn stringers with the bark remaining. Square nails are found throughout. Tin flashing on all ridges and valleys is also intact. The dormers were taken intact from the Commanding Officers residence at Fort Bowie." The structure is 33x42 with adobe walls.</p><br>
<p>The NPS document continues: "The main block intersects with the bunker at the SW corner. The bunker is a small (14x14) adobe structure built partially below grade. This was one of a series of identical outposts constructed around the fort for defensive purposes. Stone retaining walls serve as a foundation for the upper adobe walls. The walls are surmounted by a timber-framed plank roof overlain by a six-inch dirt layer. Small vertical window openings resembling rifle ports are cut into the north and south walls. Later construction of the main residence incorporated this bunker as an ell. The doorway of the bunker presently opens onto the south veranda of the house. The bunker&#39;s parapet walls were removed to accommodate a frame hip roof which became integral with the veranda roof. The interior displays a simple floor plan with the main entry being through paired French doors beneath the west veranda. At the east end of the main living space is a fireplace bordered by colored Mexican ceramic tiles installed in 1928. Two-inch, tongue-and-groove oak boards imported from a Louisiana lumber mill were used for flooring on the first floor. Six-inch pine boards on exposed joists serve as the ceiling and attic floor."</p><br>
<h3>The guardhouse and reservoir</h3><br>
<p>The guardhouse sits on a stone foundation, with adobe and stone walls. It has a gable roof with wood shingles. Most of the building is below grade, with only the eastern wall above grade, as it faces the spring. Bear Spring is still an active spring, from an underground aquifer source. The stone-lined reservoir measures 20 feet by 20 feet, and is the original structure constructed in 1874 by the army stationed at the nearby fort. However, of the original 5000 foot pipeline still in existence is a 40-foot length of pipe running from the reservoir to just beyond the guardhouse.</p><br>
<p>The Benson Railroad Historic District is an area of Benson, Arizona, located near the site of a former passenger and freight depot. The area contains 16 structures, 11 buildings and 5 outbuildings, although the outbuildings are not considered contributing structures to the historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Benson developed as a hub for three major railroads. This railroad era lasted from 1880 until 1910, and influenced Bensons architectural landscape for decades. The first railroad to arrive was the Southern Pacific in 1880, which led to the creation of Benson, which had been a stagecoach station, Ohnesorgen Stage Station. Since it was the only town in the area with a transcontinental connection, it grew rapidly. Benson served as the transportation hub for southeastern Arizona, where train passengers could take stagecoaches to the other towns in the region, such as Tombstone. It also served as the departing hub for the mineral products being produced in various mining districts near Clifton and Bisbee, and in the Galiuro and Rincon Mountains. When the New Mexico and Arizona Railroad arrived in 1882, and the Arizona Southeastern Railroad Company in 1894, Benson became a "hub city" The Arizona Southeastern, owned by the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company in Bisbee, was built to ship the companys ore to Benson for shipment elsewhere. In 1894 Benson was the only point in Arizona which was served by three independent railroad lines.</p><br>
<p>This railroad traffic created many commercial needs: hotels, saloons, restaurants, stores, and housing for the workers. The population grew from 300 in 1880 to 1,200 in 1910. The buildings in Benson which were related to the railroad were the station, the Wells Fargo express office. Directly north of the station were housing for railroad personnel, and a hotel. In 1901 the Arizona Southeastern Railroad Company rerouted its traffic, bypassing Benson. Nine years later, in 1910, the Southern Pacific opened a direct line from Tucson to Nogales, also bypassing Benson. This left the town with only a single line running, which negatively impacted the economy of the town.</p><br>
<h2>Description of Site</h2><br>
<p>The district includes 16 buildings, 11 of which contribute to the district. The other five our noncontributing outbuildings. 3rd Street acts as its southern border, while North Huachuca is its western border and an alley constitutes its border to the north. Ten of the buildings are found on this block. The eastern side goes just past North San Pedro Street, where the eleventh structure stands. Five of the houses are vernacular frame, one is vernacular adobe, three are Colonial Revival buildings, one Queen Anne, one commercial building.</p><br>
<h3>The architecture</h3><br>
<h4>Vernacular frame</h4><br>
<p>The original one-story buildings in the Benson townsite were constructed of dimension lumber with wood siding. There are three primary house forms which exhibit the vernacular frame architecture within the townsite: the front gabled shotgun house, the side-gabled hall and parlor house, and a front-facing "L" house. The district has five vernacular frame houses, two shotgun, one hall and parlor, and two L-shaped houses. One of the shotguns is at 223 East 3rd Street, it is an elongated floor plan, with a small brick addition on its east side. It has v-groove siding. The second shotgun is at 267 East 3rd Street, it has board and batten siding, and a shed roofed full-width front porch with slender wooden columns. The hall and parlor dwelling has a shed extension. It is in poor condition, and located between 267 and 285 East 3rd. The two L-shaped houses are located at 235 and 241 East 3rd. They also have board and batten siding, with sloped gable roofs. Both of the houses have had additions in the corner of "L".</p><br>
<h4>Vernacular adobe</h4><br>
<p>The single example of this is the building located in the alley east of the Arnold Hotel. It was built as a carriage house, and has large wooden doors and an addition of a wooden shed on its east side.</p><br>
<h4>Queen Anne</h4><br>
<p>The Queen Anny style house is located at 305 East 3rd Street. It was the Roadmasters residence. It is rectangular in shape, with an extension on the southern side. It has a cross-gable jerkinhead roof. When constructed it had a veranda which wrapped around three-quarters of the house, on the east, south, and west. The siding is wood tongue and groove. The entry has a small porch with a shed roof. It has a corbelled brick chimney, and the original picket fence. This houses property contains three non-contributing outbuildings, a corrugated metal shop, and two stuccoed structures.</p><br>
<h4>Colonial revival</h4><br>
<p>The three colonial revival style homes are located at 201, 285, and 253 East 3rd Street. The house at 201 features a sloped pyramidal roof, the original "V" groove wood siding, boxed eaves and one-over-one light double hung windows. This property also has a non-contributing shed of corrugated metal. The house at 285 is a unique double-roofed structure. Originally, the structure had a single gabled roof, but when a rear addition was put on the house, the entire building had a second roof installed over the first, for insulation purposes. It is the largest example of double-roofing in Arizona. It is a frame house with symmetrical massing, and a veranda which wraps around three-quarters of the house. The final colonial style is the structure at 253, the Arnold Hotel. The building is a single story, with redwood framing, and is one of the largest historic buildings in Benson. It has a four-sided veranda, which is integrated into the main hipped roof, and has redwood columns. It has horizontal redwood siding, and the original roof was wood shingles, but has been replaced by a tin roof. The interior has tongue and groove redwood wall paneling. There is another non-contributing storage shed made of redwood on the hotel&#39;s grounds.</p><br>
<h4>Commercial</h4><br>
<p>There was a strong relationship between the former freight and passenger depot and nearby commercial structures, which were universally railroad related until 1910. Some isolated commercial buildings, which were not part of Bensons commercial strip, related instead to nearby residential neighborhoods. One such example in the Railroad District is on the corner of North San Pedro Street and the alley to the north. This is a unique and unusual brick row building constructed around the turn of the century, probably when Benson promoted its "brick and clay molding factory". The building features segmented arches three courses above the openings, articulated sills and lintels, and two-over-two light double hung windows. Although no information has been found regarding the buildings original function, it was probably used for offices and perhaps a small store, based upon its placement along the property line with no setback. The north portion of the building appears to be older than the south portion.</p><br>
<p>The Railroad Camp Shanty in De Smet, South Dakota, United States, was built by the Chicago and Northwestern Railway  in 1878 to shelter railroad personnel. The Railroad Shanty is a simple frame building measuring roughly 10 by 22 and covered with horizontal siding. Presumably in the 1880s or early 1890s the building was moved three blocks from its original location and was placed on a cement block foundation.</p><br>
<p>It was converted into a home by the Ingalls family during the winter of 1879-80. The familys experiences in the shanty were the subject of Wilders By the Shores of Silver Lake, one of her most popular works. In 1967, the building was purchased by the Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society, Inc., a local group, and now serves as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The railroad shanty was placed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its association with Laura Ingalls Wilder and railroad development in South Dakota.</p><br>
<p>The Fargo and Southern Depot is a historic railroad station in Fargo, North Dakota, United States. It was built in 1884 by the Fargo and Southern Railway.</p><br>
<p>The Fargo and Southern Railway was a combined effort of 23 Fargo businesses to build a railroad from Fargo to the Milwaukee Road at Ortonville, Minnesota. The first train ran on July 2, 1884, with the depot opening later that year. In time, the Fargo and Southern was sold to the Milwaukee Road. Passenger trains serviced the depot until December 31, 1931. The depot continued to see mixed train service until that too ended on October 31, 1956.</p><br>
<p>The depot was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 as the Fargo and Southern Depot, and delisted in 1980 after a fire in December 1974 severely damaged the building leading to its demolition.</p><br>
<p>Green Brook Park is a 100 acre county park along the Green Brook, a tributary of the Raritan River, in the city of Plainfield in Union County, New Jersey. Designed by the Olmsted Brothers, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 14, 2004, for its significance in landscape architecture. It extends into the borough of North Plainfield in Somerset County.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The Union County Park Commission was established in 1921 and hired the Olmsted Brothers, formed by the sons of landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, to design a county park system, including this one along the Green Brook. The initial park development from Clinton Avenue to West End Avenue started in 1922. Along Park Drive, the area is pastoral, with a forested area north of the Green Brook. The park was expanded east of West End Avenue during the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hubert Depot in Lake Hubert, Minnesota, United States, is a one-story wood frame passenger depot built on the Minnesota and International Railway line around 1918. The rail line later became part of the Northern Pacific Railway and is now part of the Paul Bunyan State Trail.</p><br>
<p>It is divided into a single enclosed freight house, and three open bays for passenger accommodation. A double-sided wood bench is located along the center of the passenger section. The depot was built between Clark and Hubert lakes along the south side of the Minnesota and International Railway tracks. It was moved northwest approximately 400 ft. to its present location around 1970.</p><br>
<p>The George A. Strong House is a historic building located at 1030 Central Avenue in the city of Plainfield in Union County, New Jersey. Built in 1896, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 2012, for its significance in architecture, education, and community planning and development. The duCret School of Art purchased the building in 1977 to use for art education.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The original two and one-half story brick building featuring Colonial Revival architecture was constructed in 1896 for George A. Strong, a lawyer, and his family. A gymnasium was added in 1933 for use by the Wardlaw School, which had purchased the building that year. A library was added in 1947. Two additions featuring International Style were built in the 1960s. It was purchased by the duCret School of Art in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Benson Historic Barrio is a small neighborhood in Benson, Arizona. It began to develop between 1898 and 1901, settled primarily with people of Mexican descent. It is located on the east side of the original townsite, just south of the business district, and comprises three blocks along both sides of East Fifth Street, encompassing blocks, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, and 25. It includes houses, lots, other buildings, and Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church was built in 1895 by Don Miguel Jose Castaneda, a hotel owner, and William Ohnesorgen, a former station master at the Middle Crossing of the San Pedro</p><br>
<p>River. It was on the corner of East Fifth and Gila. There was already a Mexican community just to the east of San Pedro. It was located The barrio began to develop between 1898 and 1901, east of San Pedro Street and straddling both sides of East Fifth Street. The barrio is split by two cross streets, Gila Street and San Carlos Street, one block to its west. West of Gila Street, employees of the railroad built frame houses, which became known as "Barrio Americano", while east of Gila, the houses were built by farming and ranching families, mostly of Mexican descent, and were built in the Mexican style of adobe, which became known as "Barrio Mexicano".</p><br>
<p>The Barrio Americano began around 1900 on block 19. Only three of these original houses remain, 351, 369, and 393 East Fifth Street. In 1901, block 25 began development, with the construction of three houses, but only one of those, #347, still stands. Barrio Mexicano began to develop between 1898 and 1901, with several Mexican families building houses on blocks 20 and 24. They had migrated from places like Redington, Cascabel, and Tres Alamos, and had come to town to find work. While some worked for the local railroad or smelter, others were tradesmen, and still others opened small shops, where they also resided. There was even a concrete jail.</p><br>
<p>During the 1920s, more Mexican families moved into the area, purchasing the homes in the Barrio Americano. When the Apache Powder Company was built, many of the Barrio residents were employed there, and throughout the Great Depression. The area also contained several "mom and pop" stores, like Deliciosa Cafe and Quihuiz Grocery. The church and the Knights of Pythias hall also had significant roles in the community.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, Alianza Hispano-Americano, a mutual aid society, became a presence in the Barrio, using a building they had obtained from Fort Huachuca. Homes built during this period included #&#39;s 412 (1940), 572 (1944), and 534 (1945) Fifth Street. The historic structures remaining in the district today include several of the early 1900s houses, some second generation homes from the 1920s and 1930s, and a few built in the 1940s and prior to 1957.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>The historic district consists of 33 contributing structures and 8 non-contributing buildings. 6 of the 8 non-contributing buildings are due to being too recent, the other two are just beyond repair. The contributing structures range in building dates of 1900 to 1957. Below is a list of the contributing structures, all addresses are on East Fifth Street.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The Barrio has been the residence of mostly families of Mexican or mixed-Mexican descent throughout its history. It has maintained its distinctive identity, and been a cohesive community centered around the church, its local small businesses, the social club, and the jail. While it is most commonly known as "The Barrio", other names it is called include, “Sal Si Puede" (Run if You Can), the “Mexican District” and “Tortilla Flats.”</p><br>
<p>In the late 1800s and early 1900s, rural life became increasingly difficult, and the town of Benson offered employment opportunities, including the railroad and smelter. The Barrio has been a significant component of the development of Benson through the decades. During the historic era, it was a contrast to the rest of the town, which was comprised mostly by Euroamerican-inhabited neighborhoods west of San Pedro Street.</p><br>
<p>While most of the property is still owned by descendants of the original owners, some residences have been destroyed and others are abandoned. Economic conditions in Benson have not provided opportunities for the younger generations, and they are moving away. While some historic houses are being rehabilitated by newcomers, the Barrio as a whole is threatened by the advanced level of deterioration of its unoccupied properties.</p><br>
<p>The Van Wyck Brooks Historic District is a 99 acre historic district located in the city of Plainfield in Union County, New Jersey. Named after the author and literary critic Van Wyck Brooks, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 10, 1985, for its significance in architecture. The district includes 109 contributing buildings. The Orville T. Waring House was added individually to the NRHP in 1979 and contributes to the district.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The district is in a residential area of Plainfield. Most of the houses date from 1875 to 1925 and display various architectural styles. The house at 935 Central Avenue was built and features Second Empire architecture with a mansard roof. The house at 901 Madison Avenue was built with Victorian architecture. The Waring House, another Victorian, was built in 1881 for oil industry pioneer Orville Taylor Waring. The house at 305 Stelle Avenue was built in 1909 with Tudor Revival architecture and features a half-timbered look.</p><br>
<p>The Crescent Area Historic District is a 47 acre historic district located in the city of Plainfield in Union County, New Jersey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 12, 1980 for its significance in architecture, featuring Victorian houses built from 1870 to 1900. The district includes 111 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The area was initially developed by philanthropist Job Male, who moved to Plainfield in 1867, and would become the first major of the city in 1869. He designed and built several of the houses in the district and lived on Crescent Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Crescent Avenue Presbyterian Church is located at the intersection of Crescent Avenue, Watchung Avenue, and 7th Street on land donated by Male. It was built in 1871 with English Gothic style. Fire damaged the church in 1888 and 1931. Swains Galleries at 703 Watchung Avenue was built and features Second Empire style, as seen in its mansard roof. The Goddard House at 213 East Ninth Street was built and features a domed tower and a variety of styles, including Queen Anne and Richardsonian Romanesque.</p><br>
<p>The Plainfield Civic District is a 2 acre historic district located in the city of Plainfield in Union County, New Jersey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 17, 1993 for its significance in architecture, politics/government, and community planning. The district includes three contributing buildings and one contributing object.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The three contributing buildings in the district face Watchung Avenue. Built 1915–1919, the Plainfield City Hall was designed by architects Peck and Bottomley and features Georgian Revival architecture. Built 1922–1923, the YMCA Building is a three-story brick building featuring a limestone vestibule with Corinthian columns. Built in 1928, the former Seventh-Day Baptist Building, now the City Hall Annex, features Jacobethan Revival architecture. Built in 1927, the Plainfield War Memorial, a contributing object, features a flagpole on a tier of pink granite circular steps. East of the memorial is the Crescent Avenue Presbyterian Church, which contributes to the Crescent Area Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Cassidy House is located at 4121 Canyon Lake Drive in Rapid City, South Dakota, and is on the National Register of Historic Places. This unique home is a Lustron house. From 1947 to 1950, Lustron manufactured enameled steel homes. Lustron was founded by Carl Strandlund, who was a Swedish-born American inventor and entrepreneur. All the parts for the homes were manufactured in a factory in Ohio, then they were shipped to the site where they could be quickly assembled.</p><br>
<p>The Cassidy House is one of only 24 Lustron Newport homes ever manufactured by the Lustron Corporation. The Newport was a two bedroom, one bath home. The total square footage of the home is 713 square feet. Unlike the earlier Westchester models, the Newport had gas forced air heating. The Newport was also known as model 023. It is significantly less common than the Lustron Westchester model. The original color of the Cassidy House was surf blue. The Cassidy House was repainted in 2021 to closely match the original color.</p><br>
<p>The Cassidy House was placed on the National Register in 1998 due to its significance of post-World War II housing and manufacturing innovations. It is the only existing Lustron Newport model in the state of South Dakota.</p><br>
<p>The Cassidy House was assembled on site in Rapid City in March 1950. A permit for construction was issued on February 28, 1950. The permit allowed one month for completion of construction.</p><br>
<p>This particular home maintains the unique steel panel exterior, original steel shingled roof, steel gutters, and original aluminum windows.</p><br>
<p>The Minneapolis and St. Louis Depot in Fairfax, Minnesota, United States, is a one-story, stucco-covered wood-frame building with a gabled roof built in 1883 by the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad . The interior of the depot includes a waiting room, freight room, and central office. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It is Renville County&#39;s only surviving M&StL depot as well as the oldest and most architecturally significant depot in the county.</p><br>
<p>The M&StL established a line along the north side of the Minnesota River through southeastern Renville County in 1882. The line was extended westward into South Dakota in 1883–84. Tracks and a siding at Fairfax were built in September and October 1882, and the depot was constructed the following spring based on one of its standard combination depot plans. By the summer of 1883 Fairfax was serviced by four trains daily which stopped at the depot, providing the newly established community with its primary link with the rest of the county and state. The depot at Fairfax served as a center of community activity during its early years, and continued to provide passenger and freight service to the area until after World War II.</p><br>
<p>Today the depot serves as a local museum.</p><br>
<p>The Northern Pacific Depot in Finlayson, Minnesota, United States, is a one-story wood frame passenger depot built on the Northern Pacific Railway line in 1909 to replace an earlier smaller depot. The rail line was originally built by the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad in 1870. Its successor, the St. Paul and Duluth Railroad first located a depot in Finlayson in the mid 1880s. The line was acquired by the Northern Pacific Railway in 1900. In 1970, the line became part of Burlington Northern, which abandoned the line in 1977. Today, the former right-of-way is part of the Willard Munger State Trail.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the depot consists of a freight room at the southern end, the office at the center, and the waiting room at the northern end. The office&#39;s trackside bay window is flanked by a wide freight door to the south and a single-leafed five paneled passenger entrance to the north.</p><br>
<p>Finlayson depot lost passenger service on January 4, 1967.</p><br>
<p>The Bisbee Historic District is a historic district located in Bisbee, Arizona, and has all the essential features of a prosperous, early twentieth century mining town. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The district has 80 contributing buildings, with various architectural styles including Colonial Revival, Mission Revival/Spanish Revival, and Italianate architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Historic Districts history is tied with that of the Phelps Dodge Company, one of the great industrial corporations of the 20th century. Once the company began operations in the Bisbee area, it dominated the towns economy, as well as the towns physical and social development. The District mirrors this fact, being an example of an early twentieth-century mining company town. Prior to the arrival of Phelps Dodge, the area was a hub for mining activity. Rich veins of ore were discovered by the U. S. Army in the nearby Mule Mountains in 1877, with the Copper Queen Mine being founded that year. The following year the town saw its first smelter, and financial capitalists from both the east and west coast began to invest heavily in the area. The mining camp developed into a town by 1880, and was named Bisbee, after Judge DeWitt Bisbee, who was a heavy investor in the area. While the town was still small, the mining activity in it and nearby Tombstone, Arizona, focused most of the territorys population into these remote areas. The formation of Cochise County soon followed in 1881, with Tombstone as the county seat. In 1881, James Douglas of the Phelps Dodge Company convinced his company to purchase the claims adjoining the Copper Queen Mine. They began operations, with Douglas in charge of the site. It was the beginning of a highly successful mining operation, which resulted in over $2 billion worth of ore being produced in the area around Bisbee, the majority of it in properties owned by Phelps Dodge.</p><br>
<p>One of the largest issues with the location was transportation. Supplies had to be brought in by wagon, and ore and to be sent the same way to the nearest railhead in Benson. Production increased, and in 1886, new, larger smelters were built, and eventually rose to over 100 tons of freight per day. The Southern Pacific railway refused to build a line from Bisbee to Benson, so in 1894 Phelps Dodge built its own rail line to Benson. By 1900 the new smelters could no longer keep up with production, but lack of water prevented larger ones from being built in Bisbee, so a new smelter town sprang up near the Mexico-United States Border, Douglas, named so after James Douglas.</p><br>
<p>As the copper industry went, so went Bisbee. In 1881, the town had a population of 300, most of whom lived in tents. By 1884 the population had risen to 500, and the first wood and adobe structures began to be constructed, replacing the tents. In the next six years the town began to expand rapidly, and had a population of 1500 in 1890. Brick buildings began to appear on Main Street. Frame cottages began to be constructed on the hillsides around the city. More affluent areas developed around Quality Hill and Higgins Hill. Brewery Gulch became congested as the center of activity for the miners. The street had businesses packed side by side along the street, including saloons, shops, and lodging houses. Further along Brewery Gulch was the red light district. 1902 saw the incorporation of the town, and the three main streets Main, Howell, and Brewery, were paved with bricks. The population had exploded to 10,000 by 1904, and electric lights and gas were added to the town the same year. Streetcars came to the town in 1908, and ran until 1929, when they were replaced by buses. As the town prospered, it gained in prominence, and in 1929 the Cochise County seat was moved from Tombstone to Bisbee. The courthouse, of art deco design, was completed in 1931.</p><br>
<p>The town&#39;s geography and location caused the town to be prone to fires and floods. The Historic District experienced severe flooding in 1886, 1890, and 1908. The 1890 flood saw a 20-foot wall of water sweep through the town one night. The 1908 flood deposited several feet of mud and debris in the post office, and that same year a fire devastated the commercial area of Main Street, causing $500,000 worth of damage. Following these disasters, the town paid for flood abatement systems to be put in place, as well as a public water system to provide for fire-fighting.</p><br>
<p>The mining industry supported the town for approximately the first 75 years of the twentieth century, although large scale development of the town ended by the end of World War I, with lower mining production. The industry was suppressed by large wartime stockpiles, without the military market of a wartime economy. That was exacerbated by large copper deposits being discovered in South America. The 1920s saw the town gradually reviving, until the Great Depression set in. As the grade of ore decreased, new methods were employed. The Sacramento Hill was an open pit mine from 1917 through 1929, and the Lavender Pit, one of the largest open-pit copper mines in the world, was in operation from 1951 to 1974. In 1975 the Copper Queen Mine ceased operations, and by this time the mining around Bisbee had become a small part of the operations of Phelps Dodge. The mine closures were severe blows to the town&#39;s economy.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The area is a dense combination of commercial buildings, residential houses, and institutional structures sitting side by side along several narrow streets, the two main ones being Main Street and Brewery Gulch. These include lodging houses, governmental, educational and religious buildings. Most of the structures were built being 1890 and 1915. The district is an irregular wedge-shaped area, with its apex at the intersection of Main Street and Clawson Avenue. This portion of the district contains the County Courthouse, St. Patrick&#39;s Church, and the Loretto Academy. At the other end of the wedge, formed by O.K. Street and Brewery Gulch, sits an historic City Park and the Phelps Dodge General Office Building. In between these perimeter streets are several major and minor streets. There is a plaza, which fronts another Phelps Dodge building, the Mercantile. To the west of the Plaza are the entrances to Subway Alley and Main Street. Subway Alley is home to the Copper Queen Hospital, the Fair Building and its annex.</p><br>
<p>Main street includes the Bank of Bisbee, the Copper Queen Library, the Post Office, the Anguis Building, the First Baptist Church, and the Castle Rock Hotel. After the hotel, Main Street turns into a more residential street, with one- and two-story houses. At its other end is the courthouse. Clawson also has numerous residential buildings, but also includes the Bisbee High School. Howell Avenue, running between Clawson and Brewery Gulch, contains St. John&#39;s Episcopal Church, the YWCA Building, and the Copper Queen Hotel. Mansfield is a short street, connecting with Clawson. Opera Drive winds around the district, and contains the YMCA, the Central School, and passes to the east of the City Park. On the western side of the Park, Brewery Gulch and O.K. Street run downhill toward Queen Avenue and Naco Road, and has a dense concentration of buildings. One of the highlights of this section is the Pythian Castle with its clock tower. Near the Castle are several of the lodging houses, which were built for the miners who worked in the nearby mines.</p><br>
<p>The district contains buildings over a wide swath of uses: hotels, lodging houses, social lodges, churches, schools, residences, and government buildings. They are normally of frame, adobe, or block construction. The larger buildings are usually constructed with brick, steel, or concrete. Some of the architectural styles in the district include Victorian Italianate, Second Renaissance Revival, Sullivanesque, Art Deco, Streamline Modern, Neo-Classical Revival, Gothic Revival, Mission Revival, and Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of the Historic District runs parallel to the Bisbees economic history. There is a scarcity of buildings built post-World War I, which reflects the towns lack of growth subsequent to 1920. Most of the buildings date from 1895 to 1915, the heyday of the mining industry in Bisbee. In other towns which continued to grow, many of these buildings would have been razed and replaced with newer, larger buildings.</p><br>
<p>Remaining historic buildings can be broken into five main categories: public and semi-public facilities; commercial structures; religious, social and education facilities; lodging houses; and residential homes. The public/semi-public buildings were erected with full or partial support of the Phelps Dodge company and include, the Copper Queen Hospital, Copper Queen Hotel, YMCA, and the Copper Queen Library and Post Office. Commercial structures include the Citizens Bank and Trust, the Letson Block, the Medigovich Building II, the Muheim Block, and the Johnson Building. The religious/social/education structures include the Covenant Presbyterian Church, BPOE Building, and the Central School. Many of the buildings in these first three categories were designed by architects, the two most prominent being Henry Trost and Frederick C. Hurst. Lodging houses and residential properties include the Castle Rock Hotel, the Billy Brophy House, and the Spencer Clawson Residence.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing structures</h2><br>
<p>Below is a table of the structures which contribute to the significance of the district. They are rated either: C (contributing); S (significant); NR (has a separate individual listing on the NRHP).</p><br>
<p>The Orville T. Waring House is a historic building located at 900 Park Avenue in the city of Plainfield in Union County, New Jersey. Built in 1881, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 14, 1979, for its significance in architecture, commerce, and industry. Orville Taylor Waring was an oil industry pioneer. The house was added as a contributing property to the Van Wyck Brooks Historic District on December 10, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Steamboat Springs Downtown Historic District is a historic district covering about six blocks which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The district consists of "mainly one to two story brick and wood commercial buildings with a sampling of</p><br>
<p>buildings three stories or more. The commercial buildings are built lot line to lot line with no front or side</p><br>
<p>setbacks along Lincoln Avenue except for the Routt County Courthouse which is set back from Lincoln</p><br>
<p>Avenue with an expansive lawn and the two gas stations that have the pump stations sited at the front of</p><br>
<p>the lot with stores to the rear. The rectangular flat roof buildings typically display storefronts, recessed</p><br>
<p>entryways, second-story narrow windows and parapets (both decorative and non-decorative). The styles</p><br>
<p>featured in the district consist generally of the late 19th and early 20th Century Commercial, Classical Revivals and Modern Movement."</p><br>
<p>It included 35 contributing buildings and a contributing object (Highway 40 (South Lincoln Avenue) through the area), as well as 16 noncontributing buildings. Three resources were already separately listed on the National Register. It is a 19 acre area centered on Lincoln Avenue (USA Highway 40).</p><br>
<p>According to History Colorado, "approximately forty percent of buildings within the district were constructed during the decade of the train&#39;s arrival in anticipation of growth (1900-1909) or in the decade immediately following (1910-1920)."</p><br>
<p>Selected buildings in the district are:</p><br>
<p>First National Bank Building, 803 Lincoln Avenue, already NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Routt County Bank Building (1923, Annex 1985), 802 Lincoln Avenue, Renaissance Revival style with Beaux-Arts influences, already NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Maxwell Squire Building, 842 Lincoln Avenue, already NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Mountain State Telephone and Telegraph Building, 704 Lincoln Avenue</p><br>
<p>The Bisbee Residential Historic District is distinct from the Bisbee Historic District, and is located north and west of that district. It developed in the late 1880s and early 1900s, to support the booming mining industry. While it has some multi-family dwellings, commercial buildings, and a school, it is primarily composed of single family houses. It also has an extensive system of pedestrian walkways and stairways. Bisbee does not follow a grid pattern, rather its streets wind following the contour of the canyon and gulches. Developed prior to automobiles, it has narrow roads which are steep, and still remains a pedestrian-oriented town. It consists of over 500 contributing buildings and structures.</p><br>
<h2>Development of the town</h2><br>
<p>Bisbees development, like many western mining towns, was heavily influenced by local mining operations. The genesis of the town was the prospectors camp, which was located near the entrance to the Copper Queen Mine and its adjacent smelter, to the west of the convergence of the Mule and Brewery Gulches. As the town expanded, it followed the natural topography of the area, following the natural drainage basins of the two canyons. The trail which followed Mule Gulch was called Tombstone Canyon Road, since that is where the trail headed. Tombstone was the initial seat of Cochise County, and the nearest neighbor to Bisbee at that time. That portion of the Tombstone Canyon Road directly west of its intersection with Brewery Gulch, came to be known as Main Street, and became the communitys commercial street. It consisted mostly of two-story wooden buildings with arcades on the first floor and balconies on the second. There were several disastrous fires in the 1890s, after which the area was rebuilt with brick buildings, which gave it the appearance it continues to have to this day. A second commercial district, along the street named after the canyon, Brewery Gulch, containing restaurants, breweries, and Bisbees first stock exchange. By the 1890s it had developed into the town&#39;s redlight district, with saloons, brothels, opium dens, and gambling houses. By the turn of the century the area contained a company hospital, company store, a company-built library, and the Copper Queen Hotel, built by and for the company in 1902.</p><br>
<p>The area had become an unpleasant, smoky area due to the heavy industrial activity, especially the smelter. When the smelting activity was relocated to Douglas, Arizona, only the commercial and residential aspects of the city remained.</p><br>
<h2>Description of the District</h2><br>
<p>The Bisbee Residential Historic District is quite a bit larger than the Historic Commercial District, and is split into three sub-areas. The first of these sub-areas contains portions of Brewery Gulch and OK Street, adjacent to and north of the commercial district, extending northwards to Zacatecas Canyon. The second and largest sub-area is a residential area of Tombstone Canyon, northwest of the downtown area, and also includes historic development in several small side canyons. The third sub-area is the Quality Hill region of the town, southwest of downtown.</p><br>
<p>The Bisbee Residential Historic District begins at the south end of Brewery Gulch, proceeds north along Brewery Avenue, and enters the district where Taylor Street branches off to the west. As Brewery Avenue continues north, it follows the original contour of its precursor stream bed, and increasingly meanders in tightening zigzag curves without a single extended length of straight roadway. Brewery Avenue&#39;s streetscape consists of single story, sometimes contiguous frame dwellings predominantly lined along the lower part of the street and spaced further apart as the avenue winds farther north. Generally, while the bottom of the gulch slopes gradually to the west, its eastern bank rises quite steeply to a high but narrow terrace, or "bench," which supports the narrow, OK Street parallel to Brewery Avenue. A large number of scattered frame or box construction houses cling to slopes both above and below OK Street itself. Moving north, the two early brick Wills Boarding Houses come into view on the left, and on the right the brick Hotopp House is visible directly adjacent to the public stair climbing up to OK Street.</p><br>
<p>In the middle area of Brewery Avenue, houses almost fill the steeply sloped terrain that lies between Brewery Avenue and OK Street higher up; many of these houses can be reached only by flights of steps. Climbing the slope of Youngblood Hill Avenue on the right, one passes the Muheim House, a house-museum, on the left. On the right, the Youngblood Hill Avenue drainage channel runs along the length of the avenue. Returning to Brewery Avenue, and moving north past the Airas Cash Grocery/Cranberry Mercantile/Mimosa Market on the right, the lower end of a WPA-era stair linking Brewery Avenue and OK Street is visible directly behind the Market. A short distance further north on Brewery Avenue, two structures on the left are the only surviving reminders of Bisbees original red light district. These are a front foundation wall and set of steps of Mabels cribs and Mabels own house. Brewery Avenue continues generally north past houses spaced at increasing distances from one another, until arriving at the small Mexican-American settlement of Zacatecas Canyon, which developed around a community dance hall and cantina. Returning south on Brewery Avenue, and taking a right on Taylor Street, the road climbs up into the lower part of the School Hill neighborhood, entering the most intensively terraced and built up portion of the residential district. This area includes two- and three-story boarding houses as well as individual, mostly single story, wood-frame houses. Taylor Street terminates in a right-handed hairpin turn into Opera Drive, which contains a high density of terracing and house construction. Opera Drive continues a left-handed hairpin turn into Temby Avenue, which climbs still higher with mostly frame houses both above and below the road bed. Temby Avenue ends at Shearer Avenue, which in turn leads to Clawson Avenue, the southside of which marks the northern boundary between the existing downtown National Register district and the residential district. Clawson continues east past the First United Methodist Church, and the former Sagrado Corazon Church, later converted for residential use. Reversing direction, heading west on Clawson, one comes to the lower end of High Road, which starts upward as a switchback supported on massive concrete retaining walls (Br-652). High Road, as the name implies, leads to some of the highest home sites in the residential district, and ends at an informal overlook point providing a commanding view of Old Bisbee, including Sacramento Hill and the Lavender Pit.</p><br>
<p>Returning on High Road to Clawson, descending Clawson to its western end, and then crossing Tombstone Canyon Road, the Quality Hill neighborhood is entered at the lower end of Ledge Avenue. Climbing east on Ledge, the road passes, on the right, the former Horace Mann Junior High School, now Cochise County Administrative Building, and then as it turns right to climb up Cross Avenue, it passes the Bisbee Woman&#39;s Club. Continuing up Cross Avenue past frame houses on both sides, leads to Quality Hill Plaza, an informal paved space once known as "Queen Place" in recognition of the important role the</p><br>
<p>Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company played as developer of housing for its elite on Quality Hill. The plaza still functions as an informal social center for the Quality Hill neighborhood. Company-built houses that face onto Quality Hill Plaza include the Sherman House, the Johnson House, and the Presbyterian Manse, or church rectory. Other Quality Hill residences are reached from either side of a long public stair, which climbs from Tombstone Canyon Road to the top end of Ledge Avenue. Exiting the northwest corner of Quality Hill Plaza leads back to where Cross Avenue turns into Quality Hill Road, which in turn leads to a left on Key Street, and a cluster of frame houses. Continuing west on Quality Hill Road leads, on the right, to the top end of Quality Hill Walk, a long concrete WPA stair with another cluster of frame houses. The stair descends down to Ledge Avenue, immediately adjacent to Horace Mann Junior High School.</p><br>
<p>Descending Quality Hill Road, then passing briefly through the westernmost portion of the Bisbee Commercial Historic District, one comes to Quarry Canyon Road and the Higgins Hill neighborhood,</p><br>
<p>containing mostly medium to large upper-class mostly frame houses on Quarry Canyon and the parallel Higgins Roads. Significant examples include an early architect&#39;s residence, the Hurst House, and a</p><br>
<p>large, luxurious boarding house, both on Quarry Canyon. Continuing west into the Mason Hill neighborhood, significant examples on two parallel streets include the early Mason House, the Michael J. Brophy House, and a Craftsman style house, all on Oak Street, as well as the Coles/Overlock House on O&#39;Hare Street. Near the top of Quarry Canyon Avenue, Roberts Avenue branches off to the right. Another public concrete stair descends from Roberts Avenue down to Tombstone Canyon Road. This stair negotiates a steeply pitched slope down to Perley Avenue, which provides sole access from its landing to a total of six houses. Returning along Quarry Canyon Avenue and then heading west on Tombstone Canyon Road, one passes by the south edge of the Tank Hill neighborhood, where a good example of box construction can be seen at 215 Tombstone Canyon. Proceeding west leads to a complex of buildings located on either side of a small sidecanyon between Tank Hill and Art Hill. Among these buildings are 225B Tombstone Canyon, a good example of the vernacular Pyramidal Cottage type, and a former Mormon Church, adaptively used as apartments. Moving further west, Art Avenue follows another very steep side-canyon on the north side, with WPA concrete street paving, and a closely-spaced cluster of frame and box-construction houses. Along the line of Art Hill Gulch well beyond the house cluster, there is a succession of five CCC/SCS-built rubble stone check dams, the uppermost of which carries a foot trail across the gulch. Moving back to the left side of Tombstone Canyon, one can see high concrete retaining walls, probably built by the WPA. Opposite these walls Garden Avenue forks right from Tombstone Canyon and runs parallel to it along the canyon floor, one of the few flat areas of Old Bisbee. Passing by 416 Garden, a two-story 20th century commercial building, which originally housed a neighborhood store downstairs and an apartment above, one can see its side bearing walls made of regionally produced, soft gypsum blocks. The top courses of these walls show a pattern of weathering erosion typical of this material.</p><br>
<p>Slightly to the northwest of Garden Road is the Laundry Hill neighborhood. Laundry Hill Road originally intersected Garden, but no longer does so. Currently, access to the small cluster of houses in the</p><br>
<p>neighborhood is by several long public stairs or via Moon Canyon Avenue and Adams Avenue high above the canyon. On the opposite side of Tombstone from Garden, Brophy Avenue branches off to the left, runs past seven smaller-scale fran1e houses on either side, then rejoins Tombstone again, forming a miniature linearly-ananged neighborhood by itself. Continuing west on Tombstone Canyon, the Mule Gulch Channel is visible running along the north side of the road, along a stretch of flat land between Tombstone and Mayor Street (a smaller street running parallel to Tombstone). Crossing the channel is a concrete bridge built by the WPA, with both cast and mounted bronze logos of the agency on its sidewalk surface. A number of larger and somewhat later houses are located on Mayor Street, as well as some smaller houses further up the hill to the north. These are accessed by concrete stairways. Somewhat further up Tombstone Canyon is the City Fire Station, which has access to the street by a bridge over the channel. Continuing west on Tombstone Avenue, several residential roads branch off to follow small drainages rising from the main course of Tombstone Canyon. These include Star Avenue to the north, and Spring Canyon to the south, each with groupings of houses on both sides. Pace Avenue, on the south, provides access to Garfield Elementary School, currently adaptively used as a bed-and-breakfast. The school&#39;s playground retaining wall was built by the WPA. The final side-canyon residential areas are along Locklin Avenue and Wood Canyon both diverging to the north side of Tombstone Avenue. At the southeast comer of Wood Canyon and Tombstone Avenue is the City Pump House, rebuilt by the WPA, and with a dated plaque on its east side.</p><br>
<p>A short distance further west on the right hand side of Tombstone Canyon is an excellent example of a post-World War I vernacular bungalow residence. Continuing west under the bridge, which carries US</p><br>
<p>Route 80 over Tombstone Canyon, an unusually large-scale Craftsman style residence is visible. This house may be a prefabricated Sears-type "kit" house. Pueblo Court, Bisbee&#39;s first motel is seen on the</p><br>
<p>north side of Tombstone Avenue, among the group of "suburban"-spaced houses on both sides of the road, on generous-sized lots.</p><br>
<p>The Boulder County Courthouse is a historic building on Pearl Street in Boulder, Colorado, built in 1933. The courthouse is a contributing property to the Downtown Boulder Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. In 2018, additional information about the building was added to the documentation of the district. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2024 for its role as the first place in the nation where same-sex marriage licenses were issued.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original courthouse was built in 1882 by F.E. Edbrooke, but was destroyed by a fire in 1932. The present courthouse was re-built on the same site in the following year.</p><br>
<p>It is a five-story building designed by architect Glen H. Huntington, son of prolific Denver architect Glen Wood Huntington, in WPA Moderne style (a restrained form of Art Deco architecture). It features vertical lines, a tower, and little ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse no longer houses the actual courts for Boulder County, but it remains the seat of county government.</p><br>
<p>It was one of the first courthouses in the US to issue same-sex marriage licenses in 1975, when Boulder County clerk Clela Rorex issued licenses to 6 same-sex couples.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as one of 125 contributing buildings in the Downtown Boulder Historic District.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, the historic district&#39;s official documentation was updated "to recognize an additional area of significance of Social History for the Boulder County Courthouse, as well as the district generally, for association with the first same-sex marriage licenses issued in Colorado and the civil rights struggles of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ) people."</p><br>
<p>The Captain H.P. Farrar House is a historical home located in Jackson, Tennessee. On April 15, 1982, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places for both its architectural and historical significance. It is located at the corner of Clay and W. Orleans Streets.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home was built in 1847, by or for its first owner, Duncan Cameron Bledsoe, who owned a cabinet shop that sold wagon wheels, spinning wheels, and other wares to locals and settlers heading West. After several years, Bledsoe himself headed West and in 1871 the house was sold to D.H King, three-time mayor of Jackson. King was known for operating the Kings Palace Saloon, where Tennessees politicians gathered to discuss business. Hartwell Prentice Farrar bought the house in 1873. Farrar was a Union captain during the American Civil War and was wounded at the Battle of Shiloh. He later worked as a civil engineer in charge of the construction of the Illinois Central System railroad expansion from Jackson, Tennessee to New Orleans, Louisiana. Captain Farrar was a community leader who served as a founding member of Jacksons Elk Lodge and a vestryman at St. Lukes Episcopal Church. Upon Farrar&#39;s death, the house was left to his daughter who eventually sold the home to Fred Johnsey in 1981. The Johnseys restored the home after conducting research on the original appearance of the house.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The home was originally a single-story Greek Revival period cottage. It was remodeled in 1873 by Farrar, who added Victorian influences. It features front and side porches with Doric columns, arched narrow windows, and projecting five-sided window bays. A plain frieze extends across the facade, porch, and side eaves. Decorative wood panels can be found between the windows and brick foundation. The interior of the house has hand-hewn sills, wall studs, and rafters. Floor joists remain that are hand-planed, tongue and grooved poplar wood. Original Greek Revival period fireplace mantels still exist as do the window and door moldings from the original house and the Victorian remodeling. There is an original herringbone brick walkway that surrounds the property.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, signage indicated that it was being operated as a house museum, but there is no such indication in 2022.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Park Historic District is a 100 acre historic district located in the borough of North Plainfield in Somerset County, New Jersey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 9, 1987, for its significance in architecture, landscape architecture, and community planning. Featuring houses built from 1868 to 1917, the district includes 145 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The district is in a residential area of North Plainfield, bordered by the Stony Brook, the Green Brook, and Grove Avenue. The houses display a variety of Late Victorian styles. The house at 11 Rockview Avenue was built in the 1860s as a Downingesque "Swiss" cottage. The houses at 12 and 16 Rockview Avenue were built 1882–1894 and feature Late Victorian Eclectic style. The house at 32 Rockview Avenue was built 1882–1894 with Second Empire style and features a mansard roof. The Church of the Holy Cross, an Episcopal Church, was built 1868–1869 with Carpenter Gothic style.</p><br>
<p>Greenwood Lodge is a Rustic-style log cabin lodge which dates from 1932, in the Arapaho National Forest and Roosevelt National Forest in Grand County, Colorado, in the vicinity of Grand Lake, Colorado, US. It has also been known as Spence Cabin. The lodge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When this lodge was built, World War I was over and World War II had not yet started. Roads were improving and people started to be able to own cars, the USA Forest Service had invited the American public to explore outdoor recreation, especially in the west. The Greenwood Lodge was built with a special permit in order to be located on National Forest land, which was made possible due to the Occupancy Permit Act of 1915.</p><br>
<p>The lodge is a one-story log cabin with porch, located at 161 County Road 451 in Grand County, near Grand Lake. It is 32x32 ft in plan, designed by Lt. Col. James M. Hynes. The Hynes were Washington D.C. residents, and alongside his wife, Harriet, they designed this lodge as a summer home and retreat. Whole logs that were peeled with v-notching create the exterior walls, rubble masonry perimeter walls comprise the foundation, and native stone forms the centrally placed chimney. A front-gabled roof tops the building and green composition shingles originally sheathed the roof. A brown metal roof that matches the stain used on the logs and trim, replaced the composition shingles in 1983 to address wildfire safety concerns.</p><br>
<p>The cabin is located on a hillock about 2 mi west of Shadow Mountain Lake, the structure does not dominate the landscape. "The cabin sits at an elevation of 8,840 ft and is located about 14 mi north of the depot in Granby, Colorado, and 5.5 mi west from the boat ramp in Grand Lake, Colorado." Originally, a lodgepole pine forest surrounded the site, however most of the trees around the lodge were removed in 2006 under the Forest Service special use permit requirements because of lodgepole beetle kill.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant as a good example of politics/government, entertainment/recreation, architecture and landscape by the United States Forest Service Recreation Residence Program, particularly its Rapid Development and Aggressive Promotion phase. The listing included a contemporary shed as a second contributing building. The "natural mounting setting" and the landscaping around the property were deemed contributing sites in the listing. Rock-lined paths and a low rubble masonry wall, built around 1965 were deemed non-contributing. The lodge has retained its historical integrity in terms of the location, design, setting, material, workmanship.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin E. Briscoe House is a historic house in Willcox, Arizona, located at 358 North Bowie Street. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. It was the home of Benjamin E. Briscoe, who moved to Willcox from his native Tennessee in 1909, and served three years in the Arizona State Legislature.</p><br>
<p>The house is a wood-frame Craftsman Bungalow on a concrete foundation and clapboard siding. It has a high L-shaped gable roof with wooden shingles. It has a central recessed entry, with panel wood door with a single light, wooden screen door. It has a platform recessed verandah on the first floor, sitting on wooden piers. It was constructed in 1898, with an additional wing added in 1920. It is the earliest remaining intact Bungalow in Willcox.</p><br>
<p>The Boudinot–Southard Farmstead is located at 135 North Maple Avenue in Bernards Township of Somerset County, New Jersey. The property was purchased by Elias Boudinot in 1771. Featuring a Colonial Revival farmhouse, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 2009, for its significance in agriculture, architecture, military and politics/government. The 37 acre farmstead includes four contributing buildings and two contributing structures. It is also known as the Ross Farm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1771, Edward Lewis sold the property to Elias Boudinot IV (1740–1821), a lawyer from Elizabeth, who then lived at Boxwood Hall. He and his family relocated here in November 1776 and stayed until November 1783. During the American Revolutionary War, Boudinot was the president of the Continental Congress from 1782 to 1783, and after the war was a United States Representative from New Jersey, 1789–1795. In 1785, he sold the property to Henry Southard (1747–1842), who was United States Representative from New Jersey, 1801–1811 and 1815–1821. In 1818, Southard sold the property to George Slater of New York City. In 1952, after several property transfers, Nathaniel E. Burgess sold it to Edmund B. Ross. In 2005, the property was sold to the county for recreation, conservation, and historic preservation purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The farmhouse is a two and one-half story building featuring Colonial Revival style. The bank barn is mid 19th century. The carriage house is likely the same age as the barn. The lower level has a three-stall horse stable and the second floor has been converted to an apartment.</p><br>
<p>The Crowley House is an historic structure located at 175 S. Railroad Avenue in Willcox, Arizona. It is the oldest house in the oldest residential area of Willcox. Constructed circa 1883 of redwood, which was rare in the area, this is the only house built of the material.</p><br>
<h2>John Crowley</h2><br>
<p>John F. Crowley was from San Francisco, California, where he worked for a livery stable as a collector, as well as being a foreman for the United Carriage Company. In 1883 he relocated to Willcox with his family, and opened up a liquor store. Later that year he became the sheriff in nearby Bisbee. In December of that year, five men robbed a store in Bisbee, killing four innocent bystanders in the process. Crowley brought in two of the five men by himself, Red Sample and Texas Howard, and all five men were hung. A sixth man, who planned the robbery but did not take part, was lynched by the townspeople.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 Crowley sold his liquor store, and was appointed deputy sheriff in Willcox, under J. L. Ward. At the same time he was also serving as the deputy territorial assessor. When Bob Hatch replaced Ward as sheriff in 1886, Crowley continued to serve as his deputy for the next two years. After leaving the sheriff&#39;s office, he worked for the Southern Pacific Railroad from 1888 to 1891, after which he returned to the liquor business. In 1893 he became the general manager of a lumber company, where he remained until 1902. From 1902 until 1912 he served as the U. S. Coroner at Willcox.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, the Willcox volunteer fire department was organized with Crowley as its first chief. He also held mining investments in the area, including the Juniper Mine. He was also a stockholder in the Willcox Bank and Trust Company, which opened in 1909.</p><br>
<h2>The house</h2><br>
<p>The house is a Queen Anne style house constructed in approximately 1883, by Crowley after he moved to Willcox. It has an L-shaped medium gable roof with a gabled dormer and a central chimney with a metal cap. It has a recessed central entry with a wood door and flat, blind transom, and wooden screen door. It sits on a brick foundation, and has clapboard siding, with corner boards.</p><br>
<p>Spring Hill is a historic home museum in Massillon, Ohio. The estate was settled and started by Thomas and Charity Rotch, and it was eventually owned by the Wales family for three generations. Spring Hill is recognized on the National Park Service Underground Railroad Network to Freedom. The estate encompasses the main house and several outbuildings, including a smokehouse, spring house, milk house, and wool house</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>Thomas and Charity Rotch, originally from New Bedford, Massachusetts, traveled westward in January 1811, looking for a place to settle and create a homestead. The Rotches moved westward at the suggestion of Dr. Benjamin Rush. Charity Rotch had frequent fevers and was looking for a milder climate. Thomas Rotch, a Quaker, involved in the wool industry, needed a location where his sheep could graze and where the wool could be easily transported. Upon meeting friendly Quakers in the town of Steubenville, Ohio, the Rotches were given good reports of the area around Sippo Creek. Thomas decided to move his family to this area for fresh water and the cleared land around the creek. Along the way, Thomas Rotch met Arvine Wales, who would become a dear friend to the family. He would eventually purchase Spring Hill after the passing of both Thomas and Charity Rotch. The family would remain at Spring Hill until 1966, when the estate was turned into a museum.</p><br>
<p>Upon settling in the area, Thomas and Charity Rotch started laying out the homestead and named it Kendal, after a textile center in England. By 1817, the town of Kendal was growing, with over 100 plats of land being settled. Being a community of mostly Quakers, the area was also staunchly abolitionist. Routes and stops on the Underground Railroad went through Kendal as early as 1817. Between 1821 and 1865, no slaves were ever caught while being kept safe at Spring Hill.</p><br>
<h3>Construction of Spring Hill</h3><br>
<p>Spring Hill was built between 1821 and 1824 by architect Jehial Fox. The main house at Spring Hill is 80 feet long. Jehial Fox built the homestead with various materials, such as stone, brick, and oak planks. Some of the oak planks are large, with some pieces being as large as 28 feet long. The house initially used a Franklin stove. This fireplace was updated in 1831 by Arvine Wales, who converted the stove into a fireplace. Arvine Wales also made most of the changes to the original estate. Some of his additional changes included adding a western wing to the house. The Wales family also added a small bathroom to a bedroom on the second floor. Also, by adding a wall to the parlor on the first floor, the Wales family could create another bathroom. Finally, by changing the walls around the kitchen and the dining room, a breakfast room and a kitchen on the first floor could be created. Initially, the kitchen was downstairs, and either staff or family used a dumb waiter to transport food up and down. However, this was removed and is no longer seen. In 1920, a second edition was added to the western wing of the house by adding a screened-in porch. This addition was the last major renovation that would take place at Spring Hill as a family residence.</p><br>
<h3>The Staircase</h3><br>
<p>The Spring Hill home is primarily known for its secret staircase, a feature that allowed escaped slaves using the Underground Railroad to safely pass through the area on their route. Fox placed this staircase at the center of the house, probably initially intended for use by domestic staff. With the move of the kitchen, however, the staircase was no longer used by waitstaff. However, this staircase was used by runaway slaves to hide in as early as 1821. Escaped slaves took this staircase down to the basement, where they safely hid before continuing on their journey.</p><br>
<p>After the deaths of Thomas Rotch in 1823 and Charity Rotch in 1824, the Wales family continued harboring and protecting runaway slaves.</p><br>
<h3>Outbuildings</h3><br>
<p>Spring Hill was built to be an operational homestead. Many service buildings were built on-site to be used, and many of them have been restored. The service buildings include a carriage house, smokehouse, dog kennel, spring house, milk house, grain barn, and wool house. One of the larger outbuildings, the carriage house, has a room above it where hired farmhands could stay while working at Spring Hill. These buildings were used to support Spring Hill and the local Kendal community.</p><br>
<p>The Douglas Historic District includes the commercial area of Douglas, Arizona, a mining company town established in 1901. The dates of the buildings construction range from 1901 to 1935. The district is bordered on the south by the buildings on G and H Avenues between 15th and 8th Street, and lie only eight blocks from the United States - Mexico border. The District includes architectural styles ranging from Queen Anne to Bungalow to Period Revival. One of the most interesting features is Church Square, which contains four churches in a single block. In 1930 the square was featured in Ripleys Believe It or Not, as the only block in the world which contained four churches: Grace Methodist , St. Stephen&#39;s Episcopal , First Baptist , and First Presbyterian .</p><br>
<h2>Description of the district</h2><br>
<p>The majority of the buildings in the district are one or two story, rectangular, commercial blocks. The Spanish Colonial Revival Gadsden Hotel, the Art Deco Airdome Theatre, the Bakery Building, the Neo-Classic Revival Post Office, and the Grand Theatre stand out as major architectural resources. The Gadsden Hotel and Grand Theatre are both individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Most buildings are either solid masonry or brick veneer, while others are adobe, reinforced concrete, or cast stone (rusticated concrete block). Several structures display elaborate terra cotta stone or brick ornamentation; others exhibit pressed metal ornamentation. Luxfer Prisms are utilized for transom lighting on some buildings, whereas newer 1930s and 1940s structures use glass block to a great extent.</p><br>
<p>Interspersed among the major buildings are one and two story buildings incorporating several construction techniques and exhibiting a variety of ornamental materials. The smaller and older buildings of the district, particularly the early hotels, are of adobe construction. The Samson Hotel is the districts prime example of an early adobe hotel. Solid brick, or brick veneer, over a reinforced concrete or concrete block interior wall is the most common mode of construction in the district. Terra cotta is used on several commercial buildings, particularly on the east side of the 1100 block of G Avenue. Another material common in Douglas residential areas, but rather uncommon in the District, is rusticated concrete block, or cast stone. The Watts Hotel (D-3), the Southwestern Hotel (D-4), the</p><br>
<p>Kline Block (D-33), and the Irene Building (D-34b) are the most noteworthy examples of cast stone construction in the district.</p><br>
<p>Typically, Douglas&#39;s commercial district grew with little thought of compatible land uses or visual cohesiveness, but the resulting streetscape displays an overall visual continuity. In general, smaller structures are found in the south end of the district, the 800 and 900 blocks, and in the northern portion of the linear district, the 1200, 1300, and 1400 blocks of G Avenue. The center of the district</p><br>
<p>is the 1100 block dominated by the Gadsden Hotel and the Grand Theatre, which are the major visual elements of the streetscape along G Avenue. Other key structures throughout the district range widely in size, age, and design. Buildings such as the Art Deco style Bakery Building (D-58), the Neo-Classic style Brophy Building, designed by architects Trost and Trost, the Masonic Temple, Marlin&#39;s</p><br>
<p>Saddle Shop, the Hotel Douglas-Arizona Club, and the Irene Building are the major commercial structures which illustrate Douglass historical development as well as its architectural evolution during the districts significant growth period from 1910 through 1935.</p><br>
<p>Complementing these significant buildings are numerous contributing structures, lesser in size, significance, and detail, yet still essential to the overall impact and appearance of the district. These brick, stucco, or frame buildings retain most of their original architectural characteristics with few modifications, and possess enough integrity to contribute to the overall character of the district.</p><br>
<p>Of particular note throughout the district is the comparatively substantial use of sculpted terra cotta for facade ornamentation. The Grand Theatre is the dominant example due to its terra cotta facade. The 1917 date of the Grand Theatre predates the widespread use of terra cotta in the Southwest. There is also extensive terra cotta on the Airdome Theatre, designed by Trost and Trost and built circa 1925, and on the Neo-Classic style storefront of the Bank of Commerce Building at 1119 G Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Isolated throughout the district are structures which date from the historic period but which have been extensively modified or covered by contemporary sheathing. In many instances, facade restoration appears feasible, but the buildings are still considered non-contributing. The Phelps Dodge Mercantile, built in 1902-1903 and one of Douglas&#39;s most historically and architecturally significant buildings, has been encased in a modern shell; however, the interior remains largely intact, complete with pressed tin ceilings, stained wood wainscoting and balustrades, and highly polished wooden floors. Leaded and stained glass transom windows remain above the storefront entrances.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Below is a table of the structures which contribute to the significance of the district.</p><br>
<p>Built between 1904 and 1907, the Severs Block at 101 E. 6th St. in Okmulgee, Oklahoma is a two-story generally rectangular brick building which incorporates an earlier two-story stone building .</p><br>
<p>With The 1882 F.B. Severs’ General Store was a Romanesque structure, the second stone building in all of Okmulgee and the first two-story stone building. The canted corner entrance faces the Creek National Capitol. The building was rehabilitated in 1989; that renovation reversed extensive remodeling efforts made in 1954, reconstructed the entry from historical photographs, and generally returned the building to its appearance at the time of its construction.</p><br>
<p>Severs Block is significant in the area’s history. The original Severs Building was the primary supplier of general goods in the Creek Nation from 1882 until the turn of the century, and the Severs Block played a significant role In Okmulgee’s commercial development through the first half of the 20th Century. It is also an excellent example of pre-Statehood commercial buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Severs Block was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 3, 1991.</p><br>
<p>It was further included on the National Register again as a contributing building in the 1992 listing of the Okmulgee Downtown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Morristown District, also known as the Morristown Historic District, is a historic district in the town of Morristown in Morris County, New Jersey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 30, 1973, for its significance in architecture, communications, education, military, politics, religion, social history, and transportation.</p><br>
<p>The initial district listing had 50 contributing buildings, including the Thomas Nast Home and the Dr. Lewis Condict House, which were previously listed individually on the NRHP, and the Morristown Green. The district boundary was increased from 93 acre to 213 acre as part of the Morristown Multiple Resource Area (MRA) in 1986 and now has 352 contributing buildings, including the Morristown station and the Morris County Courthouse, which were previously listed individually.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>Macculloch Hall was built in 1810 by George and Louisa Macculloch and features Federal architecture. The brick building is the home of the Macculloch Hall Historical Museum. The Vail Mansion was built in 1918 by Theodore N. Vail, then president of AT&T. Built of granite and marble, it features Florentine architecture. Vail never occupied the building and he donated it to the town. The Morristown & Morris Township Library was built in 1917, with funding from Grinnell Willis, local textile merchant. St. Peter&#39;s Episcopal Church was built by the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White. Designed by architect J. Cleaveland Cady, the South Street Presbyterian Church was built in 1878. The First Presbyterian Church was built 1893–1894 featuring Romanesque Revival style. The Kedge was built in 1870 as a summer cottage and features Stick style.</p><br>
<p>The Douglas Sonoran Historic District, called the Sonoran District, is an historic district located in Douglas, Arizona. It is southwest of the business district, its rough boundaries are H Avenue on the west, from 6th to 9th Street, consisting of contiguous flush-fronted, single story, Sonoran tradition row buildings built between 1901 and 1935. The majority of the buildings were constructed using local gypsum-cast stone. This is the largest number of cast-stone buildings in the state. The District includes twenty-one buildings, of which seventeen are contributing structures.</p><br>
<h2>Historical context</h2><br>
<p>Douglas was established due to the mining operations of the Phelps-Dodge Company. They operated mines in Bisbee, Arizona and Nacozari in Sonora, Mexico. The site of Douglas lies approximately midway between the two, and they built their Copper Queen smelter in Douglas. In addition, the Arizona Mining Company also built a smelter in Douglas. The two companies eventually worked together to lay out the grid plan for the Douglas townsite. The railway arrived in 1901, with a depot constructed on Pan American Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The most significant era of growth of the town was between 1901 and 1930, when copper mining was booming in Arizona. Both the downtown commercial and residential areas were developed during this timeframe. When Arizona became a state in 1912, Douglas was the largest city, and Cochise County was the most populous county. That year, Douglas produced more the $26 million in metals. Its proximity to the international border made it a center for commercial trade between the two nations.</p><br>
<p>The town reached its peak population in 1917, with 17,875 people, with the largest employers in town being the two smelters and the El Paso and Southwestern railroad. After World War I there was downturn in the copper industry, due to the large stockpiles which had been accrued during the war. Both of the town&#39;s smelters closed down for almost a year, but by 1922 they were both re-opened, and there was a resurgence in copper which lasted until the crash of 1929.</p><br>
<p>Some of the town&#39;s first settlers were several Lebanese families, who settled near Ninth and H Avenues, mostly operating family businesses such as grocery, produce and feed stores. The neighborhood was very densely populated, and consisted of small houses and Sonoran row houses (flats). Many of the businesses were run out of their homes. The row houses provided inexpensive housing for Douglas laborers. due to the boom and influx of workers, investors built the flats between the railroad tracks, international border, and G Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Douglas was a typical mining town and many of the businesses catered to single men who worked in the smelters and for the railroad. By 1905 the town contained seventy-five saloons. A red-light district developed around Sixth Street, with as many as two hundred prostitutes working south of Sixth and west of H Avenues. Since the end of the copper boom in the 1930s, few changes have impacted Douglas&#39; historic buildings, and quite a few have been listed in the National Register of Historic Places, including the Douglas Municipal Airport, Gadsden Hotel, Grand Theatre, El Paso and Southwestern Railroad YMCA, and the Douglas Post Office and Customs, as well as the Douglas Historic District and the Douglas Residential Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description of the District</h2><br>
<p>The district is composed of buildings along the west side of H Avenue from Sixth Street on the south to the alley between Eighth and Ninth Streets on the north. The curb line of H Avenue provides the eastern boundary of the district. The western edge is located toward the middle of several blocks along the western property line; of contributing properties. This area.contains the only remaining significant concentration of Sonoran style buildings, in Douglas. The district possesses a continuity of buildings united by a similar architectural style.</p><br>
<p>To the north of the district, the area changes rapidly with modern buildings ringing the governmental and civic center of Douglas where municipal buildings are located. To the east, the character of the area outside the district shifts toward newer residential buildings that, in turn, give way to commercial structures along G Avenue, the central business thoroughfare of Douglas. South of the district, the area beyond the boundary is composed of modern residential buildings with commercial and government buildings along the international boundary with Mexico, To the west, the area outside the district boundary contains vacant land along Pan American Avenue leading to the border crossing into Agua Prieta, Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Sidewalks are not common in this district. Because building forms are set directly at the front property line, there is insufficient space for developed landscapes. However, there are street trees along Sixth Street. H Avenue has trees planted in the extended roadway, recalling the early streetscape character of traditional Sonoran Barrios. Streets in the district conform to a grid plan.</p><br>
<h3>Characteristics of the Sonoran style</h3><br>
<p>The buildings in the Douglas Sonoran District are typical Sonoran tradition row buildings once common in the southern portion of the state and in the northern Mexican state of Sonora. The buildings do not follow a standard architectural style, but are best understood as vernacular representatives of the Sonoran, building tradition once common in the area. This tradition has been the subject of scholarly study in Arizona by architect Harris Sobin and is examined at length in his book Florence Townsite, A.T. In contrast to Florence, the uniqueness of the Douglas Sonoran District lies in its abundance of gypsum cast-stone units utilized for construction. The Sonoran rowhouse tradition is also evident in Tucson&#39;s Barrio Historico, but in that case, adobe is the primary material.</p><br>
<p>The basic characteristics of the Sonoran row building are a flat roof, wall parapet, and no street setback. The parapet is often topped with a cap row of brick or block. These flush-fronted structures are set contiguous on the front property line. Facades are composed of alternating rhythm of windows and doors, reflecting the interior composition of small units. Wood frames, sash, and doors are common. Doors are often topped with transoms. Simplified brick detailing appears on some buildings. Concrete or cast-stone lintels and sills are common. While projecting porches were once common, especially along Sixth Street and at the comer of H Avenue and Eighth Street, only a few buildings retain these features today (732-734 H Avenue, 357-359 Eighth Street, and 353-355 Eighth Street).</p><br>
<p>Locally produced gypsum cast-stone units were used in construction in the vast majority of the buildings. For contributing buildings, twelve are constructed of cast-stone, three are constructed of brick, and two are constructed of adobe. Douglas boasts the largest known concentration of cast-stone buildings in the state. Entire ranges of buildings in the Sonoran District were constructed in cast-stone. In some cases, the cast-stone served as a facing for traditional adobe construction. Also in the district are a few brick faced translations of the traditional Sonoran building. An unusual feature in this district of uniform, anonymous facades is the building at 349 Seventh Street, which boasts a brick facade with a dominant Palladian motif. From all appearances, this detail was integral to the original construction. The cast-stone bricks were manufactured locally by the Arizona Gypsum Plaster Co. The block units were formed with gypsum extracted from Arizona&#39;s only gypsum mine, situated north of Douglas. The softness of the gypsum block meant that the property owners customarily painted the material. Cast stone remained a popular building material until the late 1930s when the manufacturing plant closed its operations.</p><br>
<p>The Blackwell School was a segregrated school in Marfa, Texas, that served the city&#39;s Hispanic population from its construction in 1909 until the end of school segregation in 1965. On October 17, 2022, President Joe Biden signed legislation authorizing Blackwell School National Historic Site as a unit of the National Park Service; it was established on July 17, 2024, after the NPS acquired the property from the Marfa Independent School District. The site memorializes the history of supposedly "separate but equal" practices in Texas and elsewhere, as well as the role of education in Mexican American culture and the Marfa community.</p><br>
<p>The main schoolhouse building is made of adobe and has three rooms. The site also includes the Band Hall, built in 1927 as an additional classroom; other buildings have since been torn down. Originally called the Ward or Mexican School, in 1940 it was named after the principal Jesse Blackwell. At that time the school had grown to more than 600 students. After 1954, students were not permitted to speak Spanish; one former student recounted holding a mock funeral for the language. Although segregation was not required by state law, many Texas school districts practiced it until more than a decade after the Brown v. Board of Education decision.</p><br>
<p>Alumni formed the Blackwell School Alliance to preserve the school in 2006 when the Marfa Independent School District proposed demolishing it. Their efforts led to the school&#39;s listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019. The Alliance will continue to maintain the school until the National Park Service acquires sufficient land from the district. The national historic site is the second area in the National Park System specifically about Hispanic American history, after César E. Chávez National Monument.</p><br>
<p>The George and Annie Bell House was built in 1862–1863 in Lawrence, Kansas by Douglas County Clerk George Bell. The one-and-a-half-story stone structure was constructed from locally mined limestone. In October 1862, George Bell paid sixty dollars for an empty lot and construction on the house began. On August 21, 1863, he and his family were residing in the unfinished house during Quantrill&#39;s raid. George Bell attempted to defend Lawrence from the attack, but was shot and killed. The raiders then attempted to burn down the house, but the Bell family was able to save it. The home was occupied on and off for several years by his widow, Annie, and her children, who frequently lived in the cellar and rented out the upstairs rooms to boarders. The house was sold in 1914 by the heirs of George and Annie Bell to the Allisons, who kept it for 48 years. The home was refurbished in the early 1980s and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 11, 1983. It is currently a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Douglas Underpass is a concrete underpass in Douglas, Arizona, allowing USA Highway 80  to pass under the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks in 1936. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 30, 1988.</p><br>
<p>In 1935 the underpass was engineered by the Arizona Highway Department, as a two-span reinforced concrete slab. Construction required just under 300 cubic yards of concrete and over 300,000 lb of reinforced steel. Funded by monies from the 1935 federal relief bill, construction began in March 1936 by Jack A. Casson, a contractor from Phoenix, Arizona. He completed the structure by November at a cost of $122,687 (equivalent to $ in ), and the underpass was officially opened on November 7, 1936. At the opening ceremony, state highway engineer T. S. O&#39;Connell remarked, "This underpass is one of the outstanding works of its kind not only in Arizona but in the entire Southwest." It functioned unaltered through the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>In 1999 it was proposed that the underpass was too narrow, and that it should be demolished, and a new bypass created. It was eventually demolished in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Walter Douglas House, in Bisbee, Arizona, was built for Walter Douglas in 1908, who was the general manager for the Phelps-Dodge Company. It was the first house built in what was then Warren, Arizona, which was Arizona&#39;s first planned community, and was the largest home in the community. Designed by the architectural firm, Trost and Trost, it is a Crafts/Mission Revival Style house. The house has 11 bedrooms, a library, a billiards room, a basement, several school rooms, six fireplaces with Grueby tile, leaded-glass windowns and maple flooring. It also has three apartments ; and 10,000 ft&sup2; of patio space. Throughout the years, the house has served several different purposes. Initially it was a private residence for Douglas. Then it was carved into apartments and at one point served as a lodge. In the late 1900s it was renovated as a private residence once again.</p><br>
<h2>The house</h2><br>
<p>The house is one of the largest and earliest homes made of cast-in concrete. Wall width varies from 14 to 18 inches, and are reinforced with steel. The house is just under 11,000 square feet, making it almost five times as large as the average house in Tucson. A wrought-iron surrounds the front and sides of the house, and two covered stairways are in the front (south side) of the house, rising to the houses veranda, which runs across its front. These stairways flank the main entrance, which looks out upon gardens and lily pond, as well as a courtyard with an L-shaped concrete pergola, and reflecting pool. The cast-place concrete structure has been covered with stucco plaster. The exterior walls have pre-formed Sullivanesque plaster tracery panels, and arched spandrels and plaster medallions. The pitched roof is covered with molding tin, crafted to look like mission tile. The walls decrease in thickness in each story, from 18 inches on the main floor down to 14 inches on the third-story. The east side of the house is dominated by a port cochere for a single vehicle. Stairs lead from port cochere up onto the veranda. The west side of the house has the kitchen entrance, entrance to the servants quarters, and a basement entry. In the back of the house, the north side, there is a pergola over a rear patio with a central reflecting pool. In the 1930s an in-ground pool was added, as well as a jacuzzi.</p><br>
<h2>The interior</h2><br>
<p>Including the basement, there are 42 rooms in the building, which includes 12 bedrooms, 10 bathrooms, billiards room, master bedroom suite, and servants quarters. From the veranda, the main entrance consists of large double doors, flanked by windows. The foyer leads to a drawing room (or living room) to the left and the library to the right. The library has glass door bookcases and a fireplace with inlaid green tiles. The bookcases stop several fee below the ceiling. Leaded glass windows and doors have iron grills. Beyond the drawing room is the dining room, with a large bay window. Between each room are pocket double-doors. At the back of the foyer is a large semi-circular oak staircase leading to the second floor, with large leaded windows rising to the ceiling. To the right of the stairs are double doors with leaded glass windows lead to a center indoor patio. The patio has a pergola and fountain. The living room has a fireplace on the north wall, with leaded windows. Going through the living room leads to the dining, separated by large double pocket doors. It is a large dining room which could accommodate several dozen guests. There is a large bay window with a window seat. The kitchen lies off of the dining room, with a dumbwaiter to the upper floors. Beyond the kitchen are the servants quarters. The interior maple floors are clear and unmarked.</p><br>
<p>At the top of the winding staircase on the second floor there is a large foyer, with hallways leading both to the east and west. There are several bedrooms off of the two hallways, some with an adjoining room, either for dressing or linen. Some of the bedrooms have their own fireplace. Down the east hallway, after passing several bedrooms, is the master bedroom suite. It has a private bathroom, as well as a private solarium, which was most likely a screened sleeping porch when the house was first built. Going down the west hallway, after several bedrooms are the classrooms, where the Douglas children were educated along with other selected children. These classrooms were not part of the original construction, but were added shortly after. There are several other bathrooms on the floor, as well as a large linen closet. Also on the second floor there is an apartment. The third floor is reached by a stairway off the foyer of the staircase leading to the ground floor. The billiards room is located here, with a wall of windows looking to the north. There is a full bathroom off of the billiards room. Another door off of the billiards room leads to a storage attic, which covers the remainder of the third floor, which includes a cedar closet for storing linen and clothing.</p><br>
<h2>Development and use</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed by Henry Trost of the Trost and Trost architectural firm in El Paso, Texas. Trost had lived several years in southern Arizona before moving to Texas. He was commissioned to design and build the house in 1907, and had it finished on July 5, 1908, at the cost of $65,000. It is the largest residence ever built by Trost, who had been taught by Louis Sullivan, alongside Frank Lloyd Wright.</p><br>
<p>Over the years the house went through several owners and incarnations. The house was initially built by and owned by the Phelps-Dodge Corporation. Walter Douglas and his family owned the house from its construction through 1922. They lived their full-time until 1910, when Douglas was made president of the entire Phelps-Dodge Corporation, and the family moved their residence to New York City. However, they maintained the house in Douglas as a summer residence. In 1922, P. O. Becket, the general manager of the Copper Queen Mine occupied the house until 1929, when Colonel Hartzen and his family, who succeeded Becket as the G. M. at the Copper Queen, began living there, and remained until 1941. Phelps-Dodge sold the residence in 1941 to Frank Cunningham, who divided the house into apartments to house people working at nearby military bases during World War II. It remained an apartment building through a sequence of owners until it was sold to Marc McIntyre in 1976, who converted it back into an individual residence. A process which was continued by subsequent owners.</p><br>
<p>The El Paso and Southwestern Railroad Depot is a Beaux Arts building constructed in 1913 in Douglas, Arizona. Two-stories tall, it was a major station on the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad line. It is slightly to the northwest of the Douglas Historic District, sitting on a 3.2331 acre parcel. It&#39;s grounds include fountains and a period taxi stand.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>With the expansion of the mining industry in Arizona in the 1880s, there became a need to transport the ore to markets more efficiently. After the town of Douglas, Arizona was formed in 1900 by the Phelps-Dodge Corporation, the company also established the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad (E.P.S.W.) to handle the shipment of their ore. The new rail line was expanded throughout southwest Arizona, and in 1913 the new depot at Douglas was opened. During the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s, the depot was the focal point for passenger traffic along the United States-Mexico border. The passenger service served the public of all social/economic classes.</p><br>
<p>The railroad had a large impact on Douglas&#39; development. In addition to mineral ore, which accounted for the vast majority of the freight of the line, the rail also carried cattle from many of the ranches in the area. It also established a connection between Douglas and El Paso, Texas. In 1924 Phelps Dodge sold the railway to the Southern Pacific Railroad, which subsequently abandoned large portions of the E.P.S.W. The onset of the Great Depression, as well as the establishment of an interstate highway between Douglas and El Paso, reduced the importance of the rail connection. In World War II, the depot served as a major stopping point for troop trains making cross-country trips. However, after the war, passenger traffic fell off, and the depot was little used. Southern Pacific sold the depot to the city of Douglas on October 24, 1985. It was entered into the National Register of Historic Places on April 16, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The central, two-story portion of the depot measures 59 x 112, while the porticos at each end of the building measure 52 x 57. Thus the total dimensions of the first story are 52 x 225. The building rests on a solid concrete foundation, and the interior floors are polished concrete. The walls of the structure consist of brick and terra cotta. The roof trusses of the main structure are made of steel, While the portico roofs are concrete covered with poured asphalt. The roof on the main structure is a truncated hip-type covered with clay tiles, which surrounds a flat tin plate section in the center of the building.</p><br>
<p>This structure is architecturally unusual and significant because of its Beaux Arts style, designed with a large rectilinear mass in the center and smaller open porticos attached to each end of the building. An attic story completes the main portico, while parquet roofs top the porticos. The whole is symmetrical in appearance, and the depot&#39;s design is of colossal order because the two stories</p><br>
<p>are meant to appear as one, stressing the monumentality of the structure. The recessed main entrances on both sides of the structure are accented with four Tuscan columns extending the entire two stories.A large, flat covered porch projects from each recessed entry point on the first floor level. On either side of the central entries are floor to ceiling windows, trimmed in terra cotta,</p><br>
<p>that create a unified, pleasing ground to roofline appearance.</p><br>
<p>Crowning the second story is an entablature topped by an extension of the brick facade which leads to the roof. The truncated hip-type roof blends into a flat, rectangular, central portion that is occupied by a large hemispherical dome. This dome consists of a stained glass inner panel covered by a plaster and lath protective shell. The porticos exhibit a simpler design, being almost square. These covered porticos are attached to each end of the large building. Each portico&#39;s wall consists of a simple three-arch arcade, thus giving each portico nine arches, each of which is a simple elliptical arch with a keystone. Pilasters that run through an entablature and culminate in a capped parapet divide the arches. The entire structure is finished in a high quality beige brick, and the clay roof tiles are a typical mission tile red.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior of the building is two stories high with wooden steps leading to the upper floors. Construction is mainly concrete plaster walls with concrete floors. The center of the building is graced by a three-story rotunda with ornate stained glass at the top. On the second floor is a circular balcony that overlooks the main floor lobby and provides a beautiful view of the stained glass ceiling.</p><br>
<p>There are many side rooms on all the floors with many exterior windows that provide a panoramic view of the building grounds and the surrounding area. In addition, French style doors lead from the second floor onto balconies on the north and south sides of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Normandy Park Historic District is a 57 acre historic district located along Normandy Parkway, between Columbia Turnpike and Madison Avenue, in the Convent Station section of Morris Township in Morris County, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 6, 1996, for its significance in architecture and community planning. The district has 17 contributing buildings and 9 contributing objects.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>Normandy Park is an upscale residential development of villa estates located near Morristown. It was designed by John Dodd Canfield (1845–1910), starting in 1885. George Augustus Mills, a local carpenter, contractor and architect, built many of the first buildings. The district includes examples of Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and Tudor Revival architectures.</p><br>
<p>The Red House at 20 Normandy Parkway was built and features Georgian Revival architecture. The house, owned by James Henry Coghill, Sr., was designed by Morristown architect Robert C. Walsh. In 1891, Henry E. Woodward built a summer residence here, which he name Fairacres. It was later bought by Charles F. Clark, president of the Bradstreet Company, now Dun & Bradstreet. His daughter, E. Mabel Clark, used the house until her death. It was later demolished and a new house built on the property in 1955.</p><br>
<p>The New York Yacht Club Building is a seven-story Beaux-Arts clubhouse at 37 West 44th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, United States. Opened in 1901, the building was designed by architect Whitney Warren of Warren and Wetmore as the sixth clubhouse of the New York Yacht Club . The clubhouse is part of Clubhouse Row, a concentration of clubhouses on 44th Street between Fifth and Sixth avenues. The building is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Many of the facade and interior decorations are maritime–themed. The buildings ornately decorated facade, on 44th Street, is clad with stone on its first four stories and is asymmetrically divided into four bays. The easternmost bay contains the entrance, while the western three bays contain double-height arches, ornamented with bay windows that resemble the sterns of ships. The upper stories are within a mansard roof that is slightly set back. Inside is a double-height entrance hall, visitors room, and various other spaces in the basement and at ground level. On the second story is a double-height model room, measuring 45 by and containing over a thousand ship models. A private library/chartroom, dining rooms, and offices occupy the fourth story, and there are bedrooms on the remaining floors.</p><br>
<p>The NYYC, founded in 1844, was known for holding the Americas Cup yachting trophy for much of the 19th and 20th centuries. By the 1890s, overcrowding at the clubs previous headquarters prompted the NYYC to consider developing a new clubhouse. J. P. Morgan bought land for the new clubhouse on 44th Street in October 1898, and Warren & Wetmore won an architectural design competition for the building that December. The clubhouse formally opened on January 19, 1901, and has hosted the clubs annual meetings and events since then. The clubhouse remained mostly unchanged during the 20th century, although some rooms were converted to different uses. The NYYC renovated the interior in the 1980s and restored the facade in 1992. The interior was renovated again for the clubhouses centennial in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The New York Yacht Club Building is on 37 West 44th Street, on the north sidewalk between Sixth Avenue and Fifth Avenue, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The rectangular land lot covers, with a frontage of on 44th Street and a depth of.</p><br>
<p>On the same block, the Algonquin, Iroquois, and Sofitel New York hotels are to the west, while the Harvard Club of New York City building is to the east. Other nearby buildings include the Belasco Theatre to the west; Americas Tower to the northwest; 1166 Avenue of the Americas to the north; the New York City Bar Association Building and the Royalton Hotel to the south; and the Penn Club of New York Building, General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, and Hotel Mansfield to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent block of 44th Street is known as Club Row and contains several clubhouses. When the New York Yacht Club Building was developed at the end of the 19th century, several other clubhouses were being built in the area. By the early 1900s, these other clubs included the Harvard Club, Yale Club, New York City Bar Association, Century Association, and the City Club of New York, all of which remained in the area at the end of the 20th century. Prior to the development of the Yacht Club Building, the neighborhood contained a slaughterhouse, stables for stagecoach horses, and a train yard for the elevated Sixth Avenue Line. There had been many stagecoach stables on 43rd and 44th streets between Fifth and Sixth avenues, but only a few of these buildings remained by the end of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architectural firm of Warren and Wetmore designed the New York Yacht Club Building, which was completed in 1901. The building is designed in a Beaux-Arts style, though characterized by contemporary newspapers as being "modern Renaissance of the French school". The clubhouse was the first of many buildings that the firm designed in New York City; the firm later designed such structures as Grand Central Terminal and the New York Central Building. Whitney Warren, one of the partners at Warren & Wetmore, wrote of his firm&#39;s design: "We consider that externally and internally the arrangements should be such as to place the subject in evidence, and not to retire it and make the clubhouse appear as that of merely a social club." As such, it was elaborately decorated with marine and nautical motifs.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The building is seven stories tall; the uppermost stories are within a mansard roof. The buildings facade is made of finely-grained limestone, behind which is a brick wall. Only the southern elevation of the facade, along 44th Street, is visible. As planned, the first four stories would have been clad with stone, and there would have been a brick facade above. The facades asymmetry and sculpted details were intended to make the building appear larger than it actually was.</p><br>
<p>The first story is treated as a podium and contains windows with grilles. Each of the westernmost three bays contains a double-height, round-arched window. These frames are patterned after the sterns of 18th-century men-of-war, variously described as Baroque boats, Dutch yachts, and Spanish galleons. According to yachting historian and longtime NYYC member John Rousmaniere, the shapes of the frames most closely resemble a Dutch yacht. These frames also contain carvings of seaweed, waves, and garlands, which hang from console brackets below the center of each bay window, as well as dolphins on either side of the console bracket. The original plans had called for torchères to be installed along the facade, but this was never carried out.</p><br>
<p>The easternmost bay projects slightly from the rest of the facade and is flanked by triple-height pilasters, each of which contains a carving of the NYYC&#39;s shield. At ground level is an entrance topped by a carved cartouche, which depicts a sea shell topped by an octopus with curved tentacles. There is a segmentally-arched window at the second story, which is divided into multiple panes. The arch is topped by a keystone with the head of Poseidon, the ancient Greek god of the sea. Flagpoles are affixed to either pilaster above the second story, projecting diagonally above the sidewalk. The easternmost bay contains a rectangular transom window at the third story, which is recessed from the facade.</p><br>
<p>Above the third story, an entablature with modillions runs horizontally across the entire facade. The upper stories are also divided into four bays, with broad pilasters between each bay. The fourth story contains small, recessed rectangular windows flanked by smaller piers. Above the fourth story, the broad pilasters between each bay are designed as freestanding piers, which support a pergola above the fifth story. A balustrade runs between each set of piers above the fifth story. There was originally a roof garden on the fifth story, beneath this pergola. In the original plans, the pergola was to have contained plantings, which were never installed. The mansard roof is recessed from the facade and is pierced by multiple tiers of windows.</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<p>Warren & Wetmore manufactured oak furniture and ornamental lighting fixtures for the New York Yacht Club Building. The interior was mostly upholstered in dark green leather. The walls also contain maritime artwork from painters such as James E. Buttersworth.</p><br>
<h4>Lower stories</h4><br>
<p>Immediately inside the main entrance, a short staircase ascends to a double-height entrance hall. This space contains Caen stone walls and a marble staircase in the center, leading to the model room on the second floor. Originally, the clerks office was to the right (east) of the hall, while the visitors room, coatroom, letterboxes, and telephones were to the left. The visitors room was decorated with photographs of large yachts. All non-members were originally directed to the visitors room, where they waited for a member to accompany them upstairs; this space was later converted into a reception desk. The coatroom was at the bottom of the grand staircase. On the opposite side of the entrance hall was a stair leading to the club&#39;s cafe.</p><br>
<p>On the left side of the entrance hall, next to the coatroom and behind the visitors&#39; room, a narrow staircase descended a half-story to a grill room and billiards room. The oak decorations, including a low beamed ceiling and curved walls, There was a large fireplace on one wall, which was surrounded by a mantel with an oval panel.</p><br>
<p>At the rear of the grill room were glass doors, The billiards room was wainscoted in dark oak, and the walls above the wainscoting were covered with green burlap panels. When the billiards room was converted to a bar, the glass doors were replaced with a wall. Above the billiards room was a cafe. A curved double stair connected the cafe and billiards room. The cafe originally contained green leather furniture but was converted into a sailing-trophy room after World War II. The trophy room is circular in plan, measuring 25 ft across, with a double-height domed ceiling. A bronze-and-gold chandelier hangs from the center of the dome. The walls of this room are made of Caen stone and originally contained mirrored glass panels, held into place by mullions. Another staircase leads up to the second-story landing of the clubhouse&#39;s main staircase.</p><br>
<p>The mechanical equipment and the culinary staff were placed in the basement. From the entrance hall, a passageway led to the kitchen, pantries, engine and boiler rooms, and cellars. The pantries originally had iceboxes lined with oak, although the iceboxes have been since changed into refrigerators.</p><br>
<h4>Model room</h4><br>
<p>The model room on the second story is a double-height space, which from the outset was intended as the clubhouses most important room. Sources disagree on the exact dimensions, but the room measures approximately 45 ft wide and 100 ft deep. Some models are of Americas Cup challengers and defenders. Other models depict ships that participated in regattas sponsored by the NYYC; before 1951, all regatta participants had to donate at least a half-model of their ships, and many owners chose to donate full models. The full models were displayed in glass cases at the center of the room, while the half-models were displayed along the walls.</p><br>
<p>The model room also contained awards and trophies, as well as other artifacts from club members. where the Americas Cup trophy was displayed from the buildings opening until 1983. the NYYC had installed a custom bolt in 1972 to secure the cup to the table.</p><br>
<p>The model room&#39;s floor is covered by a 64 by Indian rug, which was installed in 2000. or 45 ST, the fireplace was so heavy that several brick piers had to be installed to support its weight. There is a sculpted panel above the center of the fireplace. The north, west, and east walls originally had dark oak paneling, above which was green burlap. There were benches next to the walls. On the south wall, there are niches next to each bay window, which contain green seats. At the center of the model room was a circular oak table measuring 12 ft across.</p><br>
<p>There is a balcony at the third story, wrapping around the north, west, and east sides of the room. It contains decorations of stars and is flanked by a pair of white panels. Three large chandeliers are suspended from the ceiling. The clubs card room is at the same level as the model rooms balcony. The card room contains dark-red burlap walls, upon which numerous portraits are hung.</p><br>
<h4>Upper stories</h4><br>
<p>The fourth story is the highest story that is visible from the street. The library and chartroom occupy the front section of the building, and the spaces measure either 35 by It could fit thousands of volumes</p><br>
<p>At the rear of the clubhouses fourth floor are the clubs private dining rooms, two committee rooms, and the offices of the librarian, treasurer, and secretary. The rear wall is set back by about 11 feet, giving the dining room a private terrace that faces northward.</p><br>
<p>In the original plans, there were to be 20 bedrooms on the fourth through seventh floors. These rooms would have been illuminated by a light court in the center, as well as windows to the north and south. As built, there were 18 bedrooms on the fifth through seventh floors, within the mansard roof. The fifth story also contains a club room with French doors on its south wall, which open onto a balcony facing 44th Street. The balcony was originally paved in red stone and was covered with green trellises. The top floor was used as servants&#39; quarters.</p><br>
<h4>Staircases and elevator</h4><br>
<p>A grand staircase of Caen stone leads from the ground floor to the second story. Its balustrade is carved to resemble waves. The grand staircase&#39;s second-story landing contains two columns with marine-themed capitals. The second-story landing overlooks the former cafe. A French door to the left leads to the model room. Three additional French doors from the model room lead to balconies that overlook the staircase. Portraits of J. P. Morgan and John C. Stevens, two early NYYC commodores, were placed on the second-floor landing, just outside the model room. A narrow staircase connects the second story and the upper floors. Next to the staircase, an elevator also connects all of the floors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The NYYC was founded in 1844 and occupied five clubhouses before moving to 44th Street. The NYYC established its first clubhouse in 1845, holding its regattas near a promontory in Hoboken, New Jersey. The club&#39;s membership grew in the mid-19th century, and the club acquired the McFarlane–Bredt House in Clifton, Staten Island, in 1869 and relocated their regattas there. In 1871, the NYYC rented several rooms in a house at the intersection of 27th Street and Madison Avenue in Manhattan. The club relocated to Stapleton, Staten Island, and stayed there until 1877. The NYYC moved yet again to 67 Madison Avenue in 1884.</p><br>
<p>By the 1890s, many of New York City&#39;s social clubs were headquartered in converted residences, but increased membership forced several clubs, including the NYYC, to build clubhouses of their own. The club had 1,038 members in 1894, and membership elections and special events at 67 Madison Avenue were often standing-room only.</p><br>
<h3>Planning and construction</h3><br>
<p>In October 1897, the NYYCs board voted to establish a five-person committee to select a site and raise money for a new clubhouse in New York City. The committee first convened in January 1898, even as the NYYCs members debated constructing the proposed clubhouse outside city limits. Other members opposed the idea of a new clubhouse entirely, instead wishing to maintain the club&#39;s existing stations. The committee eventually identified two potential sites for the clubhouse, but most NYYC members were noncommittal about either site.</p><br>
<p>At a board meeting on October 27, 1898, J. P. Morgan (the clubs former commodore) offered to acquire the larger of the two sites, a 75 by plot on 44th Street in Midtown Manhattan. The site was composed of three separate lots at 37 to 41 West 44th Street. At the time, the building itself was projected to cost $200,000, and the NYYCs members had already pledged to donate $75,000 toward the clubhouse&#39;s construction.</p><br>
<p>The NYYC hosted an architectural design competition for the clubhouse in November 1898; each contestant had to submit a plan within one month. The NYYC hired Whitney Warren to design the clubhouse in December, rejecting a more conventional proposal from George A. Freeman.</p><br>
<p>The New-York Tribune reported in September 1900 that the New York Yacht Club Building "lacked one story" and was nearly completed. Although the building was still incomplete at the end of that year, the NYYC had begun relocating its books from its old Madison Avenue headquarters into the new 44th Street clubhouse. Members started moving to the 44th Street clubhouse four days later, on January 19, although the building was still incomplete. The structure&#39;s final cost was estimated at $350,000; Two days later, the all-male club held its first formal reception for female guests.</p><br>
<h3>Early and mid-20th century</h3><br>
<p>The NYYC conducted its annual meetings in the model room, where it inducted new members, elected its commodore, scheduled competitions, and changed rules for its regattas. The New York Yacht Club Building also hosted events such as annual New Year&#39;s Eve dinners, where club members drank eggnog. By the next year, the club had grown to 2,000 members; the club reached its maximum membership in 1907. In addition to the 44th Street clubhouse, the NYYC had stations on the East River in Manhattan, as well as in Glen Cove, New York; Newport, Rhode Island; and various other locales in the northeastern United States. During the summer, the NYYC met in Glen Cove and Newport and held regattas there. The NYYC station in Glen Cove was actually the original Hoboken clubhouse, which had been relocated there in 1904, while the Newport station had been acquired in 1915 for use as a summer clubhouse.</p><br>
<p>The clubhouses main entrance was slightly truncated in 1916, when the New York City government widened 44th Street. In 1928, the NYYC bought an adjacent three-story building at 35 West 44th Street from J.P. Morgan, Arthur Curtiss James, and Cornelius Vanderbilt III, thus protecting the buildings natural light exposure. By the end of the decade, many of the areas clubs were relocating uptown, but the NYYC remained at its longtime headquarters on 44th Street. The clubhouse continued to be used for events such as annual meetings and informal dinners. Women were finally allowed into the clubhouse after the NYYC started accepting female members in 1936. Prior to this change, women could only enter the visitors room, and no woman had visited the upper stories since 1901. The NYYC had several female associate members, who could use the Glen Cove, Newport, and East River stations but could not enter the 44th Street clubhouse. The clubs membership was still predominantly male; women still could not visit the bar or eat lunch at the clubhouse. In the 1940s, the clubhouses barbershop was closed and replaced with a women&#39;s restroom.</p><br>
<p>The NYYC sold off 35 West 44th Street in 1945, After World War II, the cafe became a trophy room, At some point during the mid-20th century, the facade was painted gray, and the pergola and flagpoles on the facade were removed. Even so, the New York Yacht Club Building remained prestigious.</p><br>
<h3>Late 20th century to present</h3><br>
<p>The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the New York Yacht Club Building as a city landmark on September 11, 1979, The club had opposed the designation, which would make it more difficult to modify the building, The NYYC subsequently lost the 1983 America&#39;s Cup to the Royal Perth Yacht Club, During this decade, the Yacht Racing Association of Long Island Sound also had offices on the sixth floor of the clubhouse. By then, the NYYC no longer had a dock in New York City.</p><br>
<p>The club began renovating the buildings interior in 1985, restoring chandeliers and other architectural details to their original condition. After the interior modifications were completed, the club started renovating the exterior in 1992 at a cost of $600,000. These renovations were conducted in advance of the clubs 150th anniversary.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, the NYYC sold 280,000 ft2 of the sites unused air rights to the developers of the Sofitel, which was built immediately to the west. During the Sofitels construction, workers underpinned the New York Yacht Club Buildings foundation and erected scaffolding above the skylight. The grill room and model room were cleaned prior to the clubhouses 100th anniversary in 2001. Before this renovation, the grill room had never been cleaned, and the walls had been blackened by the residue that had accumulated over the prior century. The NYYC hosted a party in January 2001 to mark the clubhouses centennial, at which point the club had grown to 3,000 members. To celebrate the anniversary, John Rousmaniere wrote a book about the buildings history.</p><br>
<h2>Critical reception</h2><br>
<p>After the clubhouse was completed, A. J. Kenealy wrote for Outing magazine, "The interior is superb in every way, combining all the luxuries and conveniences of this sybarite age", praising the model room and grill room in particular. Scientific American magazine wrote that Warren & Wetmore&#39;s design had produced "an extremely pleasing and satisfactory result" and that the cozy ambiance of the interior "should be a sine qua non in every clubhouse". Frederick Toombs of Town & Country magazine wrote that, while the facade "presents a most inviting appearance it is not until the interior is seen that the building and its equipment is best appreciated". The Washington Post stated: "One of the most interesting spots that an enthusiastic yachtsman can visit is the model room of the New York Yacht Club". Architectural Review magazine wrote that there was "some semblance of reserve in the exterior", but it sharply criticized the interior: "Surely this is not legitimate architectural design. It is very pleasant fooling, but scarcely anything more." Architectural Review particularly criticized the space as having a "riot of swags and spinach, icicles and exotic vegetation".</p><br>
<p>The clubhouse continued to receive critical acclaim long after its completion. Upon the NYYC&#39;s 70th anniversary in 1914, The New York Times wrote that the 44th Street clubhouse was "one of the finest buildings of the kind in the city". The New York Herald Tribune wrote in 1927 that the building has "such distinction and dignity as to arrest the attention of passers-by", but that the model room and the grill are "perhaps the most interesting spots". Times architecture critic Ada Louise Huxtable described the building as "a baroque extravaganza with flowing water carved below galleon‐shaped windows". A writer for Vanity Fair said in 2012 that "the windows look like they were plucked from a galleon".</p><br>
<p>The NYYC wrote of its own building: "There is no industrial restlessness in Whitney Warrens remarkable building on West 44th Street. Here, all that moves is the imaginary bow wave under a favorite model and, if one looks at the fireplace long enough, the occasional sway of the seaweed." Rousmaniere said in 2001: "It seems strange that an elite club, and thats what they were, was so open. But wanted you to look in." Robert Mackay, of the Society for the Preservation of Long Island Antiquities, described the model room as "one of the great rooms of the city in terms of architectural heritage".</p><br>
<p>The Lanesfield School is a historic limestone one-room school in Edgerton, Kansas that operated as a school from 1869 to 1963. The school is an example of the one-room schoolhouses that served much of rural America during the nineteenth century, and it is the only remaining structure from the former town of Lanesfield, which served as a mail stop along the Pony Express and Santa Fe Trail. The school reopened as a museum in 1967. The school is located on the Lanesfield Historic Site which includes the schoolhouse, four outbuildings, and a modern visitors center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Founding and early years</h3><br>
<p>The town of Lanesfield was founded in 1858 by James H. Lane, an abolitionist and Union Army brigadier general during the American Civil War, and William Gans. Lane and Gans were instrumental in the establishment of the town, overseeing the construction of various buildings, including a hotel, stores, and churches. Lane also led the establishment of a log school house on the Burton Dille farm, however, he did not live to see its opening in 1867, having died by suicide in 1866.</p><br>
<p>A new stone schoolhouse was constructed following a unanimous vote by local residents to issue $1,000 in school bonds in May 1869. By the spring of 1870, the school had an enrollment of 69 students, with an average daily attendance of 51. The school served children from various age groups, reflecting the typical structure of one-room schoolhouses in rural America. The schoolhouse remained a prominent institution for the community, hosting not only educational activities but also social events, elections, and community meetings.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and closure</h3><br>
<p>The decline of Lanesfield began in the late 19th century, particularly after the establishment of a railroad station in nearby Edgerton, Kansas, in 1871. This shift in transportation and commerce led to a decrease in the town&#39;s population, and many buildings were relocated to Edgerton. Nevertheless, the Lanesfield School continued to operate, adapting to the changing demographics and needs of the community.</p><br>
<p>The school faced a significant setback when it was struck by lightning in 1903, resulting in a fire that destroyed much of the interior. Restoration efforts were completed by 1904, allowing the school to resume its educational functions. However, by the mid-20th century, rural schools across Kansas began to close due to declining enrollment and the consolidation of school districts. The Lanesfield School was officially closed in 1963 after 93 years of service.</p><br>
<h3>Conversion to museum</h3><br>
<p>Soon after the school&#39;s closure, the McCamish Township Board contacted the owner, District 81 in Edgerton, about purchasing the closed school for historical preservation purposes. The school district agreed and sold the school to the town for $1. In 1966, a 125-member Lanesfeild School Historical Society was organized and began work on their goal of converting the school into a museum. In 1967, the Lanesfield School was officially reopened as a museum, preserving its historical significance and providing educational opportunities for visitors. In March 1987, the Johnson County Board of County Commissioners approved funds for renovations to restore the school and the site to appear as they did in 1904 and to add a modern visitors center featuring exhibits on one-room schools in Kansas, a museum store, and restrooms. The renovated museum and site opened to the public on April 1, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Lanesfield Historic Site includes the original schoolhouse, four outbuildings, and a visitor center. The site offers several interpretive panels and an audio tour that discusses the history of the schoolhouse, the town of Lanesfield, and its connections to broader historical themes, including the Santa Fe Trail and the local Border War. The museum is a popular destination for school field trips, open to the public once a month, and hosts various special events, such as escape rooms and a yearly 1904-themed Christmas concert.</p><br>
<p>Blockhouse on Signal Mountain is within the Fort Sill Military Reservation, north of Lawton, Oklahoma. The rock architecture is located along Mackenzie Hill Road at the summit of Signal Mountain within the Fort Sill West Range being the Oklahoma administrative division of Comanche County.</p><br>
<p>In May 1868, the United States Cavalry reservation was entitled Camp Wichita as situated within the mixed grass prairie meadow of Medicine Bluffs. The blockhouse was established in 1871 pursuant to the Medicine Lodge Treaty of 1867 cordially looming over the course of time as the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Opening of 1901.</p><br>
<p>The stone structure was constructed on the summit of Wichita Mountains Signal Mountain encompassing a terrestrial elevation of 1,750 ft. The shelter has a dimension of 14 ft by 16 ft with a structural exterior consisting of native stone collected within the vicinity of the Wichita Mountains. The four wall dwelling was erected as some of the first limestone architecture as part of Fort Sills Old Post Corral or United States Army Quartermaster Corps fortification foraged during the American Indian Wars on the American frontier.</p><br>
<p>The observation post was settled as a meteorological observatory and signal station. The elevated station provided support for military communications between Signal Mountain, Medicine Bluffs, Mountain Scott, and Fort Reno geographically positioned north of the Canadian River within the Great Plains. The Fort Sill, Indian Territory signal station officially commenced atmospheric observations and telegraphic communications on June 23, 1875 with meteorological reports beginning on September 9, 1875.</p><br>
<p>The Army Signal Corps employed flag semaphore, heliograph, and signal lamp before implementing the signal field wire lines enabling electric telegraphic communications. The optical communication applied visible light along a visual topographical line of sight for distant information exchange. The semaphore communications served as an intelligence assessment of the Wichita Mountains cadastre while safeguarding the transcontinental railroad and territorial prairie trails as an integration of the Westward Expansion Trails.</p><br>
<p>The mountainous altitude served as an observation of the Plains Indians equine flights disrupting the manifest destiny of westbound wagon trains ostracizing the Reconstruction era at the crest of the progressive Gilded Age. The high ground outpost continually anticipated the spontaneous mobilization of the Old Post Redoubt troops into the rugged terrain of southwestern Indian Territory.</p><br>
<p>The geology of Oklahoma elevation features an area reconnaissance potentially revealing the disturbance of the prairie by American Indian horse herds and bison hunting. The disquietude of the plains territory is reciprocative to the Oklahoma red beds and the shortgrass prairie of the Apache, Comanche, and Kiowa lands within Southwestern Oklahoma.</p><br>
<h2>Native raids on southern prairie plains</h2><br>
<p>The stone lookout station was decisively undisputed at the Fort Sill outpost after Sheridan&#39;s campaign during the winter of 1868 to 1869 and the realization of cultural assimilation of Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>The 1870s were seasons of significant transformation in light of the Buffalo Hunters&#39; War and Red River War. The native disaccord developed as the United States American Indian laws and policy bewildered the Plains Indians way of life. The transgressions waged in opposition to the American Indian frontier culture culminated into a 1875 United States Supreme Court case known as Lobenstein v. United States, 91 USA 324.</p><br>
<p>During the commencement of 1870s, the Southern Plains tribes organized native raids on Indian Territory forts and military supply trains exemplifying the prairie plains as treacherous grounds for American frontier expeditions. The Army on the Frontier chartered a defense line of forts throughout Indian Territory and Texas as a deterrence for the safeguard of American pioneer, homesteading, and Territorial evolution of the United States.</p><br>
<h3>Camp Supply Conflict of 1870</h3><br>
<p>Comanche and Kiowa conduct a skirmish at Camp Supply on June 11, 1870 in the Indian Territory often referred to as the Cherokee Outlet.</p><br>
<h3>Henry Warren Wagon Train of 1871</h3><br>
<p>Comanche and Kiowa conduct a skirmish known as the Warren Wagon Train raid occurring on May 18, 1871 in Young County, Texas. The Texas native raids cultivated into what is known today as the Comanche Wars and Texas–Indian wars.</p><br>
<h3>Wyllys Lyman&#39;s Wagon Train of 1874</h3><br>
<p>During September 1874, Captain Wyllys Lyman guided a provisions train grouped as thirty-six empty wagons to Camp Supply for the replenishment of supply provisions. The wagon train was to collect provisions at Camp Supply and return to Nelson Miles Headquarters Dugout. The frontier range was located near the Washita River with the North Fork Red River situated approximately 25 mi south of the headquarters dugout encampment. On September 9, 1874, Lyman&#39;s wagon train commenced the return by prairie trail when the double column train with sixty soldiers encountered a skirmish with tribal bands of Cheyenne, Comanche, and Kiowa consequently regressing into a battle from September 9 to September 14, 1874.</p><br>
<p>The five day siege is often referred to as the Battle of the Upper Washita River transpiring in the Texas Panhandle within the proximity of Fort Elliott and the east coordinate of Roger Mills County, Oklahoma. The Plains Indians conflict was the third major battle of the Red River War occurring along the Historic Trails of the Southern Great Plains.</p><br>
<h2>American Indian reverence and North American bison</h2><br>
<p>The Bison antiquus was a big game species pursued by the Paleo-Indians during the Common Era or to a greater extent the folsom tradition and Upper Paleolithic period. During the 1990s, the Oklahoma Archeological Survey conducted a field survey within the northwest sector of the state of Oklahoma factually substantiating by radiocarbon dating the perception of the great bison belt, Peopling of the Americas, and precontact Oklahoma. The archaeological site located near the vicinity of Fort Supply, Oklahoma became known as the Cooper Bison Kill Site.</p><br>
<p>During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the North American bison was aggressively hunted by frontiersmen and ridgerunners destructively devastating the population of the prairie plains bison. The North American fur trade and westward expansion of the American railroad fostered the decimation of the Great Plains bison. The Great Plains First Nations trading networks allured the lucrative commerce and trade of the bison bone and buffalo robe economics. The accretion, commerce, and trade of the bison remains flourished from 1870 to 1937.</p><br>
<p>The Buffalo rifle, including the Remington Rolling Block rifle, Springfield model 1873, Sharps rifle, and Winchester model 1876, was a prized provision on the Great Plains from 1870 to 1890.</p><br>
<h2>Listing on National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>Blockhouse on Signal Mountain was listed on the National Register of Historic Places with the National Park Service on November 29, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Wallace Farm is a historic farm within Cuyahoga Valley National Park in Summit County, Ohio. The property overlooks Brandywine Falls, a 63 ft waterfall on Brandywine Creek. Land speculator and sawyer George Wallace settled on the land with his family in the 1810s; Wallace helped found the nearby village of Brandywine and became its first postmaster in 1825. His sons James and George Y. Wallace began farming on the land in the 1830s, though George Y. died in the 1840s. James built a farmhouse and barn on the farm circa 1850, both of which are still standing. The farmhouse has a Greek Revival design with a gable roof and six-over-six double-hung sash windows. The farm also includes a twentieth-century concrete workshop, the ruins of the sawmill, and several building foundations.</p><br>
<p>The farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 27, 1985. The farmhouse currently operates as a bed and breakfast called the Inn at Brandywine Falls.</p><br>
<p>Charles Bolsius House, also called "Casa Bienvenidos", is a significant example of the architectural work of artist and designer Charles Bolsius and an important example of Territorial Revival design in the American Southwest. It is located in the City of Tucson, Arizona within the Old Fort Lowell Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The rambling burnt adobe house was constructed around an unstabilized mud adobe storehouse-workshop that dates from the Fort Lowell period. The house was hand built by Bolsius in multiple phases over three decades.</p><br>
<p>The project, built as Bolsius&#39;s own home, provided an opportunity for experimentation and design exploration. The house includes his iconic and hallmark hand-carved doors, exposed beams, carved corbels, adobe fireplaces, hand-hammered tin and copper, and a heightened sense of American western romanticism. The property typifies the architectural sensibilities of the American west during the 20th century and straddles the pre-and post-WWII period. The use of exposed burnt adobe, a popular regional building material in the mid-20th century, gives the exterior of the home a modern sensibility while the interior is a classic Pueblo Revival approach typical of the early half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Charles Bolsius House was originally a small adobe storehouse-workshop located on the property of the Fort Lowell Quartermaster and Commissary Storehouse known as El Cuartel Viejo.</p><br>
<p>As noted in the Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell Park written by historian J. Homer Thiel in 2009: "The quartermaster and commissary storehouse stood at the northwestern side of the parade ground. Today, portions of the storehouse are incorporated into apartments created by members of the Bolsius family in the 1940s. The building contained six rooms and. It was used to store provisions, ammunition, and other goods. The front of the building measured about 240by18 ft with extensions running to the north measuring 100by18 ft. In 1879, it was noted that roofing of the building leaked “considerably during rainy weather" and that 80 "new vegas" were needed to repair this problem (1879 Inspection Report, MS 266, AMS). The commissary issue room, which measured 35by18 ft, had received a wooden floor in the previous year, and other rooms remained unfloored. One wing of the storehouse had a cellar that was 18 ft wide by 63 ft long. This was used by the Subsistence Department to store food. Today, the cellar is visible as a partially filled depression with portions of its rock walls still visible. In 1882, the tin roof for this building was reported to be in bad repair. It was also recommended that a cloth manta ceiling be installed in the commissary rooms. In 1883, new window sashes were required in some of the storerooms and issue rooms. The storerooms had been floored in the previous year. The 1887 inspection report noted that the ceilings needed to be plastered but that the building was in fair condition. The 1889 inspection noted that the building had four quartermaster storerooms, two rooms used by the ordinance officer, and two rooms and a cellar used for storage and issue by the Subsistence Department. A storage yard with 15 ft adobe walls was present behind the building.... On December 18, 1942, the sold the Quartermaster and Commissary Storehouse Property to members of the Bolsius family for $10.00 (Pima County DRE 275:61–62)."</p><br>
<p>After the reconstruction and restoration of the Commissary ruins into El Cuartel Viejo, Bolsius began construction on the Charles Bolsius House following his return to Tucson after World War II.</p><br>
<p>The house is a rambling plan with large rooms, white plaster walls, steel casement windows, concrete floors, and beamed ceilings. The large salon living room was added in 1961 and additional rooms including the dining room, main bedroom, and sitting room were added between 1961 and 1967. Surrounded by old-grown mesquite trees, the north façade of the Bolsius House, although not viewable from the street, is the principal elevation of the property. The façade is characterized by slow-slung horizontal missing with varying parapet roof heights. The exposed burnt adobe is treated with a sack mortar wash which was typical stylistic treatment in Tucson during the 1930s–1960s</p><br>
<p>Bolsius used the house as an artist&#39;s studio and completed many of his noted and famous paintings while living in the home. In 1979, the house was purchased from Charles and Leonora Bolsius by Los Angeles and New York couple Judy and Paul Clinco and was the childhood home of Demion Clinco. In the 1980s, they added a west wing to the house that drew on the Bolsius design tenets.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Bolsius House was designated a contributing property to the Pima County Fort Lowell Historic District in 1976 and was individually listed in the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Fort Lowell Multiple Resource Area in December 1978. The property is today included in the City of Tucson Fort Lowell Historic Preservation Zone, designated in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Evergreen Cemetery is a cemetery in Bisbee, Arizona, located in the Lowell area of the city, along old USA Highway 80. It is also known as the Lowell Cemetery. It was officially established in May 1912, and contains over 10,000 graves, being the main cemetery for the city. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 7, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>The cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery is the main cemetery of Bisbee, Arizona, located in Lowell area of the city on old USA Highway 80, which is known in Bisbee as the Douglas Road. It was allocated for use as a cemetery in 1896, and was officially opened on May 3, 1912. Replacing Bisbee&#39;s original cemetery, which had been on Brewery Gulch Avenue in the main business district. While the estimates are approximately 10,000 graves, this may be low, due to mass burials, cremations, and unmarked infant burials.</p><br>
<p>The main access is off of Douglas Road, through a concrete and ironwork gate. There is a secondary smaller entrance off a north–south access road, which has a much smaller concrete and ironwork gate. Both gates are included in the historic site. There are numerous small roads that branch off the main and secondary roads throughout the cemetery, which is divided into fifty-one sections, thirty-four of which are included in the historic site. While there is no physical boundary demarcating the historic site, there is a conceptual boundary formed by those thirty-four sections. These sections vary in size, but the plots typically run in a north–south direction. They are:</p><br>
<p>13 East General</p><br>
<p>14 East General</p><br>
<p>15 Loyal Order of Moose</p><br>
<p>16 General</p><br>
<p>17 International Order of Odd Fellows</p><br>
<p>18 International Order of Odd Fellows</p><br>
<p>19 General</p><br>
<p>20 General</p><br>
<p>21 General/African American</p><br>
<p>22 County</p><br>
<p>23 East General</p><br>
<p>24 East General</p><br>
<p>25 General</p><br>
<p>26 Order of the Knights of Pythias</p><br>
<p>27 Ancient Order of United Workers</p><br>
<p>28 Loved Ones of L.O.O.M.</p><br>
<p>29 The Loyal of Order of Moose</p><br>
<p>30 Catholic</p><br>
<p>31 General</p><br>
<p>32 Northeast Catholic</p><br>
<p>33 Northeast Catholic</p><br>
<p>34 Catholic</p><br>
<p>35 Old Catholic</p><br>
<p>38 Northwest General</p><br>
<p>39 Baby</p><br>
<p>40 Northwest General</p><br>
<p>41 Northwest General</p><br>
<p>43 Improved Order of Red Men</p><br>
<p>44 Woodmen of the World</p><br>
<p>45 West General</p><br>
<p>46 Old Masonic</p><br>
<p>47 Old Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks</p><br>
<p>48 The Fraternal Brotherhood</p><br>
<p>49 The Fraternal Order of Eagles</p><br>
<p>The boundaries of each of these sections, like the broader boundary of the historical area of the cemetery, are not marked off by physical boundaries, but are due to historical burial patterns. Some are categorized by fraternal orders or religious beliefs, while others are due to linguistic differences or social status. These differences can be seen in the types of, or lack of, grave markers, as well as the languages and symbols on those markers. The markers reflect the diversity of the ethnicity and religions of the town over the years, as well as the fraternal orders present. For instance, Section 35, the older Catholic section, has markers with Latin crosses, sculptural elements and statements of devotion, while the nearby Section 48, known as the Fraternal Brotherhood, or Potter&#39;s Field, has no ornate markers, and quite a few completely unmarked graves.</p><br>
<p>The grave markers are made of many different materials, included concrete, marble, sandstone, granite, iron, wood, and pre-cast zinc. Some markers were made locally, while others were brought over rail through mail-order. There are several markers which are more elaborate, such as tombs, memorials, and nichos. One of the most prominent examples of these is the monument to George Warren, who was a prospector and the man the name of the town, Warren, Arizona, was named after. It is his image which appears on the State Seal of Arizona.</p><br>
<p>Outside of the historic area of the cemetery, there are several structures which were constructed during the period of historical significance. When constructed, they were on the periphery, but have now been surrounded by more modern sections of the cemetery not included in the nationally recognized historic district. These include the Rosok Mausoleum, the Veterans Memorial, and the icehouse complex. The latter was near the main entrance of the cemetery, with a portion of it being used as a sextons residence at one time. Currently, it is not part of the cemetery and has been fenced off. The mausoleum is located at the northern end of the main north–south road through the cemetery, and the Veteran&#39;s Memorial is located in section 8. However both of these structures are not included in the Historic Site, since their architecture is anomalous to the rest of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Throughout its history, Evergreen Cemetery was the recipient of a strong supply of water, pumped from the local mining operations of the Phelps Dodge Company. This abundance of water allowed the grounds to become lush and well-manicured. During the 1980s, however, that water supply dried up, and most of the vegetation which required watering was allowed to dry up as well. The primary access road is lined with Italian cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), over 80 years in age, which are intermixed with golden arborvitae (Thuja Platycladus). Plantings were done to separate the roadway from the gravesites. The loss of the abundant water supply, these plantings are also suffering. Other vegetation planted over the years include a smooth bark Arizona Cypress (Cupressus arizonica), desert hackberry (Celtis pallida), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), and sporadic Yucca, Agaves, prickly pear, and Ocotillo desert cacti.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is not a perpetual care cemetery, therefore several of the sections are in varying stages of decay and/or neglect. This has resulted in many of the oldest graves being in a condition beyond recognition. Also, another issue in the cemetery is one of settling. Beneath the graves, the mining operations have left a honeycomb of tunnels and mineshafts, totaling over 250 miles. Some of the gravesites have suffered from sinkage, and numerous cracks and fissures have developed, the longest being approximately 100 feet long, and 30 feet wide.</p><br>
<p>El Cuartel Viejo is a significant and important example of Pueblo Revival architecture in the American Southwest. Rebuilt starting in 1942 from the ruins of the 1870s Fort Lowell Quartermaster and Commissary Storehouse the design-build project was led by Dutch-born artist Charles Bolsius, with brother and sister-in-law Nan and Pete Bolsius. The project, a series of five residences, included distinctive hand-carved Bolsius doors, exposed beams, carved corbels, adobe fireplaces, hand-hammered tin, and a heightened sense of romanticism. The property like Las Saetas to the west and its transformation over a 150-year-span reflect the changing culture and economic milieu of Southern Arizona and the American West.</p><br>
<p>The property had successive owners and uses including a farm headquarters, storage, and farm laborer housing before falling to ruin. The rambling property was purchased by the Bolsius Family in 1942. Nan and Pete Bolsius and Artist Charles Bolsius reimagined the property as a Pueblo Revival retreat for artists, winter visitors, and friends. The Bolsius family hand-reconfigured and reconstructed the building. El Cuartel Viejo is located in the Fort Lowell Historic District in east-central Tucson, Arizona.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>El Cuartel Viejo was originally built as the Fort Lowell Quartermaster and Commissary Storehouse in the 1870s from unstabilized mud adobe in an Arizona territorial style. The building served as a strategic military supply function until the closure and decommissioning of the Fort. The building as part of a quarter section of property was sold by the United States Land Office to French board Severin Rambaud in 1897. A year later it was sold to Missouri-born Robert Dysart Cole who established a farming operation on the property. Cole invested in significant agricultural infrastructure including irrigation acequia which supported 25,000 strawberry plants. The Cole farm expanded to include 600 apple trees, chili, and cabbage. In October 1909, Cole sold the 90-acre ranch to H. Warren Shepard, a wealthy starch manufacturer from Merchantville, New Jersey, who paid $14,000. During this period, the adobe storehouse and commissary buildings were occupied by several Mexican families who called it comisario. Shepherd sold the farm in 1910, to Nellie and A. R. Swan, who, in turn, sold it to Frank St. John. In 1935, it was acquired by Mary and Ambus Barnet Earheart who owned the property for seven years, selling it, on December 18, 1942, to the Bolsius family.</p><br>
<p>When the Bolsius Family purchased the building in 1942 it was in ruin. They reconfigured the original program to create three buildings connected by a perimeter wall with a central access gate on the south facade. Using a Pueblo Revival approach they plastered the buildings in lime plaster and infused them with a high degree of detailed woodwork, elevating what had been military functional buildings into works of art that have come to define the style of the early 20th century Tucson. They named the completed property El Cuartel Viejo "The Old Barracks". to reflect its historic lineage to romantic origins.</p><br>
<p>The south facade of El Cuartel Viejo is the principal public view of the property. The facade is characterized by large irregular geometric massing of mud adobe walls rendered in lime plaster. The 1870s building was originally an exposed adobe structure with a flat roof and parapet. The facade had minimal ornamental detailing. The windows were trimmed in wood and included the territorial style triangular-shaped pedimented lintel, featuring either a plain fascia or one augmented by combinations of moldings.</p><br>
<p>Siblings Mike and Judy Margolis bought the property from the Bolsius family in the 1970s and the City of Tucson purchased the property from the Margolis family in the early 2000s,</p><br>
<p>El Cuartel Viejo was designated a contributing property to the Pima County Fort Lowell Historic District in 1976 and was individually listed in the National Register of Historic Places under the Fort Lowell Multi-Cultural District in April 1978. The property is today included in the City of Tucson Fort Lowell Historic Preservation Zone, designated in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The McMillin School is a historic school building in McMillin, Washington, United States. It was constructed in 1922 to replace a frame one-room schoolhouse and served the area until 1960. It is the only remaining structure from the community of McMillin. Along with the Alderton School, they are the last of the rural public schools in central Pierce County. The McMillin School remains in its original location in a setting similar to that of its active years. The building itself has not been changed and the materials reflect a rural public school of the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During American settlement of Pierce County in the mid-to-late 19th century, small school districts were established for local communities. School buildings were usually the first and only public buildings in these communities, where they also served as social and cultural centers. Shortly after initial settlement, a one-room log, or frame schoolhouse was constructed on land usually donated by an early homesteader. These buildings were later replaced with larger schools, particularly those built by the Works Progress Administration during the 1930s.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Bonney, William Pierce, History of Pierce County, Chicago, Illinois; 1927.</p><br>
<p>W.P.A. Writers Project Papers, Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma.</p><br>
<p>The Mother&#39;s Building, also known as the Delia Fleishhacker Memorial Building, is a historic building that was once part of the Fleishhacker Pool and Fleishhacker Playfield and features Works Progress Administration-era murals, built in 1925 and is presently located within the San Francisco Zoo and Gardens.</p><br>
<p>The building has been listed as a San Francisco Designated Landmark, since September 16, 2022; a listed California Historical Landmark since December 31, 1979; and listed in the National Register of Historic Places, since December 31, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mothers Building was originally part of the Fleishhacker Pool and Fleishhacker Playfield, commissioned by Herbert Fleishhacker, and Mortimer Fleishhacker; and built in 1925. It was in dedication to their late-mother, Delia Stern Fleishhacker. The Mothers Building was originally located next to a large wading pool. It served as a lounge (with restrooms, nurseries, clinical rooms, and tea) for mothers with small children, no boys over the age of 6 were allowed inside. The wading pool was removed in the 1940s, and was replaced with a children&#39;s zoo by the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The building is a single room that was designed by American architect George W. Kelham. The exterior features a red Mission tiled roof, and five arches with Corinthian columns and pilasters.</p><br>
<h3>Mosaics</h3><br>
<p>The loggia&#39;s side walls are decorated with mosaics created by Helen Bell Bruton, Margaret Bruton, and Esther Bruton for the Public Works of Art Project; with imagery of Saint Francis of Assisi with animals, and another panel with children and animals. The Bruton sisters were originally from Alameda, California and had helped revitalize the art of decorative mosaics.</p><br>
<h3>Murals</h3><br>
<p>On the interior, there is wood paneling, with carved flower details around the door frames; and with four painted murals in the upper section depicting four scenes of Noah&#39;s Ark and animals. The four interior murals were painted with egg tempera, which were begun in 1933 and completed in 1938, painted by Helen Katharine Forbes and Dorothy Wagner Puccinelli for the Federal Art Project.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that the interior murals may be beyond the point of repairs as the paintings have faded, the walls have deteriorated in places, and some of the damages maybe due to the proximity to the ocean. However other WPA-era murals, such as those at Beach Chalet and Coit Tower have gone through restoration.</p><br>
<h3>Zoo gift shop and visitors center</h3><br>
<p>From 1973 until 2002, the Mother&#39;s Building served as a gift shop and visitors center for the zoo. The building is in need of seismic safe updates and the interior murals need restoration; more recently the room is only used for special events.</p><br>
<p>The Mothers Building is the only remaining structure from the Fleishhacker Pool and Fleishhacker Playfield complex. The Mothers Building is a historic building listed as a San Francisco Designated Landmark and as one of the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Another structure with a similar historical use is the 1888 William Sharon Children&#39;s House and playground, now known as the Sharon Art Studio in Golden Gate Park.</p><br>
<p>The Hillside Avenue Historic District is a 27 acre historic district located along Hillside Avenue in the city of Plainfield in Union County, New Jersey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 1, 1982 for its significance in architecture, featuring Colonial Revival architecture. The district includes 33 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The houses in this residential district were built in the first quarter of the 20th century. Many feature Colonial Revival architecture. Some houses built earlier have Queen Anne and Second Empire styles. The two and one-half story house at 999 Hillside Avenue was built by architect Alexander Milne in 1907 for William A. Conner. It is a replica of the Longfellow House in Cambridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The Soo Line Railroad Bridge, known locally as the S-Bridge, is a steel Warren deck truss bridge over the Eau Claire River in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, United States. It was built by the Minneapolis Steel and Machinery Company in 1910 for the Soo Line Railroad to replace an 1890 wooden bridge. The bridge bends in an S shape over its 442 foot length in order to allow trains to cross the Eau Claire River on gentle curves between the parallel tracks located on either side of the river. The bridge was abandoned in 1991 and turned into a trail in 2002. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 12, 2022.</p><br>
